nach oben

American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs

Erschienen in:

01.09.2022 | Review Article

Atrial Fibrillation Management: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Pharmacotherapy, Rate, and Rhythm Control Strategies

verfasst von: Jordan L. Lacoste, Thomas W. Szymanski, Juan Carlo Avalon, Galen Kabulski, Utkarsh Kohli, Nassir Marrouche, Atul Singla, Sudarshan Balla, Arshad Jahangir

Erschienen in: American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs | Ausgabe 5/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an increasingly common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice that leads to a substantial increase in utilization of healthcare services and a decrease in the quality of life of patients. The prevalence of AF will continue to increase as the population ages and develops cardiac comorbidities; thus, prompt and effective treatment is important to help mitigate systemic resource utilization. Treatment of AF involves two tenets: prevention of stroke and systemic embolism and symptom control with either a rate or a rhythm control strategy. Historically, due to the safe nature of medications like beta-blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, used in rate control, it has been the initial strategy used for symptom control in AF. Newer data suggest that a rhythm control strategy with antiarrhythmic medications with or without catheter ablation may lead to a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events, particularly in patients newly diagnosed with AF. Modulation of factors that promote AF or its complications is another important aspect of the overall holistic management of AF. This review provides a comprehensive focus on the management of patients with AF and an in-depth review of pharmacotherapy of AF in the rate and rhythm control strategies.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Alpert JS, Petersen P, Godtfredsen J. Atrial fibrillation: natural history, complications, and management. Annu Rev Med. 1988;39(1):41–52. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.39.020188.000353.CrossRefPubMed

Petersen P. Thromboembolic complications in atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 1990;21(1):4–13. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.21.1.4.CrossRefPubMed

Benjamin EJ. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham heart study. JAMA. 1994;271(11):840. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510350050036.CrossRefPubMed

Dewland TA, Olgin JE, Vittinghoff E, Marcus GM. Incident atrial fibrillation among asians, hispanics, blacks, and whites. Circulation. 2013;128(23):2470–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002449.CrossRefPubMed

Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation (ATRIA) study. JAMA. 2001;285(18):2370. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.18.2370.CrossRefPubMed

Lau DH, Nattel S, Kalman JM, Sanders P. Modifiable risk factors and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2017;136(6):583–96. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023163.CrossRefPubMed

Kim MH, Lin J, Hussein M, Kreilick C, Battleman D. Cost of atrial fibrillation in United States managed care organizations. Adv Ther. 2009;26(9):847–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-009-0066-x.CrossRefPubMed

Patel NJ, Deshmukh A, Pant S, et al. Contemporary trends of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United States, 2000 through 2010: implications for healthcare planning. Circulation. 2014;129(23):2371–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008201.CrossRefPubMed

Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Patel P, Dokainish H, Tsai P, Lakkis N. Update on the association of inflammation and atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21(9):1064–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01774.x.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Wakili R, Voigt N, Kääb S, Dobrev D, Nattel S. Recent advances in the molecular pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(8):2955–68. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI46315.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Jones J, Stanbury M, Haynes S, et al. Importance and assessment of quality of life in symptomatic permanent atrial fibrillation: patient focus groups from the RATE-AF trial. Cardiology. 2020;145(10):666–75. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511048.CrossRefPubMed

13.

January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society in collaboration with the society of thoracic surgeons. Circulation. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Olesen JB, Lip GYH, Hansen ML, et al. Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2011;342: d124. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d124.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Lip GYH, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJGM. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010;137(2):263–72. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-1584.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Ntaios G, Lip GYH, Makaritsis K, et al. CHADS₂, CHA₂DS₂-VASc, and long-term stroke outcome in patients without atrial fibrillation. Neurology. 2013;80(11):1009–17. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318287281b.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GYH. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(12):1500–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr488.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Edmiston MK, Lewis WR. Bleeding risk scores in atrial fibrillation: helpful or harmful? J Am Heart Assoc. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.010582.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society. Circulation. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(12):1139–51. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(10):883–91. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJV, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):981–92. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(22):2093–104. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1310907.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Hargrove KL, Robinson EE, Lusk KA, Hughes DW, Neff LA, Fowler AL. Comparison of sustained rate control in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: metoprolol vs diltiazem. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;40:15–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.073.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000916.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Van Gelder IC, Groenveld HF, Crijns HJGM, et al. Lenient versus strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(15):1363–73. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001337.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Fogoros RN. Antiarrhythmic drugs: a practical guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Blackwell Publication; 2007.CrossRef

28.

Podrid PJ, editor. Cardiac arrhythmia: mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.

29.

van Gestel YRBM, Hoeks SE, Sin DD, et al. Impact of cardioselective beta-blockers on mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atherosclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(7):695–700. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200803-384OC.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Diltiazem [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ. Valeant Pharmaceuticals 2014.

31.

Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), Authors/Task Force Members, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal. 2010;31(19):2369-2429. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq278

32.

Digoxin [package insert]. Greenville, NC. GlaxoSmithKline. 2009.

33.

Lopes RD, Rordorf R, De Ferrari GM, et al. Digoxin and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(10):1063–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.060.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Pincus M. Management of digoxin toxicity. Aust Prescr. 2016;39(1):18–20. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2016.006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo: the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(12):781–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199103213241201.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(4):227–233. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199207233270403

37.

Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJV, et al. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(25):2678–87. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0800456.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Roden DM, Woosley RL. Class I antiarrhythmic agents: quinidine, procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide, disopyramide. Pharmacol Ther. 1983;23(2):179–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(83)90012-8.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Dan GA, Martinez-Rubio A, Agewall S, et al. Antiarrhythmic drugs–clinical use and clinical decision making: a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacology, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy (ISCP). EP Europace. 2018;20(5):731–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux373.CrossRef

40.

Disopyramide [package insert]. New York, NY. Pfizer. 2006.

41.

Verlinden NJ, Coons JC. Disopyramide for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a pragmatic reappraisal of an old drug. Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther. 2015;35(12):1164–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1664.CrossRef

42.

Quinidine [package insert]. Philadelphia, PA. Mutual Pharmaceutical Company. 2009.

43.

Procainamide [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL. Hospira Inc 2019.

44.

Procainamide. Lexi-Comp (Lexi-Drugs) [database online]. Lexi-Comp, Inc; October 26, 2020.

45.

Tisdale JE, Rudis MI, Padhi ID, et al. Disposition of procainamide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure receiving medical therapy. J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;36(1):35–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04149.x.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Stiell IG, Clement CM, Perry JJ, et al. Association of the Ottawa Aggressive Protocol with rapid discharge of emergency department patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter. CJEM. 2010;12(3):181–91. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500012227.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Sheldon PJ, Williams WR. Procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1970;29(3):236–43.CrossRef

48.

Hellestrand KJ, Bexton RS, Nathan AW, Spurrell RA, Camm AJ. Acute electrophysiological effects of flecainide acetate on cardiac conduction and refractoriness in man. Br Heart J. 1982;48(2):140–8.CrossRef

49.

Estes NA, Garan H, Ruskin JN. Electrophysiologic properties of flecainide acetate. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53(5):26B-29B. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(84)90498-3.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Roden DM, Woosley RL. Flecainide. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(1):36–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198607033150106.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Grant AO. Propafenone: an effective agent for the management of supraventricular arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1996;7(4):353–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00537.x.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Ashraf H, Ko NK, Ladia V, et al. Use of flecainide in stable coronary artery disease: an analysis of its safety in both nonobstructive and obstructive coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2021;21(5):563–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-021-00483-9.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Vallurupalli S, Pothineni NVK, Deshmukh A, Paydak H. Utility of routine exercise testing to detect rate-related QRS widening in patients without structural heart disease on class Ic antiarrhythmic agents (Flecainide and Propafenone). Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(5):730–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.05.039.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Gao X, Guha A, Buck B, et al. Initiation and outcomes with Class Ic antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2018;18(2):68–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipej.2017.12.001.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Alboni P, Botto GL, Baldi N, et al. Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the “Pill-in-the-Pocket” approach. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(23):2384–91. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041233.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Flecainide [package insert]. Columbus, OH. Roxane Laboratories Inc, 2014.

57.

Echt DS, Ruskin JN. Use of flecainide for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2020;125(7):1123–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.12.041.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Propafenone [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC. GlaxoSmithKline. 2013.

59.

Tikosyn [package insert]. New York, NY. Pfizer. 2018.

60.

Kalus JS, Mauro VF. Dofetilide: a class III-specific antiarrhythmic agent. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(1):44–56. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.19185.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Huang HD, Waks JW, Steinhaus DA, Zimetbaum P. Magnitude of increase in QTc interval after initiation of dofetilide in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation is associated with increased rates of pharmacological cardioversion and long-term freedom from recurrent atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(7):1410–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.02.016.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Shantha G, Chugh A, Crawford T, et al. Comparative efficacy of dofetilide versus amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(5):642–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.11.027.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Dar T, Murtaza G, Yarlagadda B, et al. Dofetilide initiation and implications of deviation from the standard protocol—a real world experience. J Atr Fibrillation. 2019;12(4):2265. https://doi.org/10.4022/jafib.2265.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Mascarenhas DAN, Mudumbi PC, Kantharia BK. Outpatient initiation of dofetilide: insights from the complexities of atrial fibrillation management during the COVID-19 lockdown. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2022;63(1):21–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-021-00942-y.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Torp-Pedersen C, Møller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(12):857–65. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909163411201.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Lars K, Poulerik BT, Mogens M, et al. Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356(9247):2052–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03402-4.CrossRef

67.

Sotalol [package insert]. Weston, Florida. Apotex. 2015.

68.

Shantsila E, Watson T, Lip GY. Drug-induced QT-interval prolongation and proarrhythmic risk in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Europace. 2007;9(Supplement 4):iv37–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eum169.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Benditt DG, Williams JH, Jin J, et al. Maintenance of sinus rhythm with oral d,l-sotalol therapy in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter. D,l-Sotalol Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84(3):270-277. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00275-1

70.

Somberg JC, Vinks AA, Dong M, Molnar J. Model-informed development of sotalol loading and dose escalation employing an intravenous infusion. Cardiol Res. 2020;11(5):294–304. https://doi.org/10.14740/cr1143.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Mascarenhas DAN, Mudumbi PC, Kantharia BK. Outpatient initiation of sotalol in patients with atrial fibrillation: utility of cardiac implantable electronic devices for therapy monitoring. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2021;21(6):693–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-021-00493-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Ibutilide [package insert]. New York, NY. Pfizer. 2016.

73.

Oral H, Souza JJ, Michaud GF, et al. Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(24):1849–54. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199906173402401.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Amiodarone [package insert]. Philadelphia, PA. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. 2018.

75.

Multaq [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ. Sanofi-Aventis 2009.

76.

Tave A, Goehring E, Desai V, et al. Risk of interstitial lung disease in patients treated for atrial fibrillation with dronedarone versus other antiarrhythmics. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.5233.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Connolly SJ, Camm AJ, Halperin JL, et al. Dronedarone in high-risk permanent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(24):2268–76. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109867.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Goehring EL, Bohn RL, Pezzullo J, et al. Outcomes associated with dronedarone use in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2020;135:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.08.026.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Kuck KH, Brugada J, Fürnkranz A, et al. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(23):2235–45. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1602014.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. EP Europace. 2018;20(1):e1–160. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux274.CrossRef

81.

Di Biase L, Mohanty P, Mohanty S, et al. Ablation versus amiodarone for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with congestive heart failure and an implanted device: results from the AATAC multicenter randomized trial. Circulation. 2016;133(17):1637–44. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019406.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, on behalf of the CASTLE-AF Steering Committee. Catheter Ablation versus Standard Conventional Treatment in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Atrial Fibrillation (CASTLE-AF)—Study Design: CASTLE-AF STUDY DESIGN. Pac Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(8):987-994. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02428.x

83.

Packer DL, Mark DB, Robb RA, et al. Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy on mortality, stroke, bleeding, and cardiac arrest among patients with atrial fibrillation: the CABANA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321(13):1261. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.0693.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Poole JE, Bahnson TD, Monahan KH, et al. Recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation or antiarrhythmic drug therapy in the CABANA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(25):3105–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.065.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Wazni OM, Dandamudi G, Sood N, et al. Cryoballoon Ablation as Initial Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(4):316–24. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2029554.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Andrade JG, Wells GA, Deyell MW, et al. Cryoablation or drug therapy for initial treatment of atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(4):305–15. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2029980.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Roux JF, Zado E, Callans DJ, et al. Antiarrhythmics After Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation (5A Study). Circulation. 2009;120(12):1036–40. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.839639.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Leong-Sit P, Roux JF, Zado E, et al. Antiarrhythmics after ablation of atrial fibrillation (5A Study): six-month follow-up study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4(1):11–4. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.110.955393.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Ad N, Damiano RJ, Badhwar V, et al. Expert consensus guidelines: Examining surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;153(6):1330-1354.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.02.027.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Whitlock RP, Belley-Cote EP, Paparella D, et al. Left atrial appendage occlusion during cardiac surgery to prevent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(22):2081–91. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101897.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Carlsson J, Miketic S, Windeler J, et al. Randomized trial of rate-control versus rhythm-control in persistent atrial fibrillation: the Strategies of Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (STAF) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(10):1690–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00332-2.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(23):1825–33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021328.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(23):1834–40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021375.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Roy D, Talajic M, Nattel S, et al. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(25):2667–77. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708789.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A, et al. Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(14):1305–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2019422.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Crijns HJGM, Gosselink ATM, Lie KJ. Propafenone versus disopyramide for maintenance of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation: a randomized, double-blind study. Cardiovasc Drug Ther. 1996;10(2):145–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00823592.CrossRef

97.

Coplen SE, Antman EM, Berlin JA, Hewitt P, Chalmers TC. Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Circulation. 1990;82(4):1106–16. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.82.4.1106.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Stiell IG, Clement CM, Symington C, Perry JJ, Vaillancourt C, Wells GA. Emergency department use of intravenous procainamide for patients with acute atrial fibrillation or flutter. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(12):1158–64. https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2007.07.016.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Stroobandt R, Stiels B, Hoebrechts R. Propafenone for conversion and prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(4):418–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00779-5.CrossRefPubMed

100.

Alt E, Ammer R, Lehmann G, et al. Patient characteristics and underlying heart disease as predictors of recurrent atrial fibrillation after internal and external cardioversion in patients treated with oral sotalol. Am Heart J. 1997;134(3):419–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(97)70076-0.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Le Heuzey JY, De Ferrari GM, Radzik D, Santini M, Zhu J, Davy JM. A Short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21(6):597–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01764.x.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Atrial Fibrillation Management: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Pharmacotherapy, Rate, and Rhythm Control Strategies
verfasst von: Jordan L. Lacoste
Thomas W. Szymanski
Juan Carlo Avalon
Galen Kabulski
Utkarsh Kohli
Nassir Marrouche
Atul Singla
Sudarshan Balla
Arshad Jahangir
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2022
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs / Ausgabe 5/2022
Print ISSN: 1175-3277
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-187X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-022-00529-6

Neu im Fachgebiet Kardiologie

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

29.05.2024 Herzinfarkt Nachrichten

Bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind die Chancen, einen Myokardinfarkt zu überleben, in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich gestiegen – nicht jedoch bei Betroffenen mit Typ 1.

Erhöhtes Risiko fürs Herz unter Checkpointhemmer-Therapie

28.05.2024 Nebenwirkungen der Krebstherapie Nachrichten

Kardiotoxische Nebenwirkungen einer Therapie mit Immuncheckpointhemmern mögen selten sein – wenn sie aber auftreten, wird es für Patienten oft lebensgefährlich. Voruntersuchung und Monitoring sind daher obligat.

GLP-1-Agonisten können Fortschreiten diabetischer Retinopathie begünstigen

24.05.2024 Diabetische Retinopathie Nachrichten

Möglicherweise hängt es von der Art der Diabetesmedikamente ab, wie hoch das Risiko der Betroffenen ist, dass sich sehkraftgefährdende Komplikationen verschlimmern.

TAVI versus Klappenchirurgie: Neue Vergleichsstudie sorgt für Erstaunen

21.05.2024 TAVI Nachrichten

Bei schwerer Aortenstenose und obstruktiver KHK empfehlen die Leitlinien derzeit eine chirurgische Kombi-Behandlung aus Klappenersatz plus Bypass-OP. Diese Empfehlung wird allerdings jetzt durch eine aktuelle Studie infrage gestellt – mit überraschender Deutlichkeit.

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Atrial Fibrillation Management: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Pharmacotherapy, Rate, and Rhythm Control Strategies

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Kardiologie

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

Erhöhtes Risiko fürs Herz unter Checkpointhemmer-Therapie

GLP-1-Agonisten können Fortschreiten diabetischer Retinopathie begünstigen

TAVI versus Klappenchirurgie: Neue Vergleichsstudie sorgt für Erstaunen

Update Kardiologie

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2022

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants with Warfarin in Atrial Fibrillation Patients with a History of Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cost-Utility Analysis of Combination Empagliflozin and Standard Treatment Versus Standard Treatment Alone in Thai Heart Failure Patients with Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction

Contemporary Trends in the Use of and Expenditures on Digoxin in the United States

Hemodynamic Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Patients with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Over 24 Months: A Retrospective Study

The Effect of Vasopressin and Methylprednisolone on Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Patients with In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Cost Effectiveness of Inclisiran in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Patients with Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Despite Statin Use: A Threshold Analysis

Neu im Fachgebiet Kardiologie

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

Erhöhtes Risiko fürs Herz unter Checkpointhemmer-Therapie

GLP-1-Agonisten können Fortschreiten diabetischer Retinopathie begünstigen

TAVI versus Klappenchirurgie: Neue Vergleichsstudie sorgt für Erstaunen

Update Kardiologie