Background
Methods
Subjects
Behavioural measures
Behavioural measures | Female | Male | Total |
---|---|---|---|
AQ | |||
Mean | − 18.92 | − 19.56 | − 19.24 |
SD | 27.16 | 19.18 | 23.17 |
EQ | |||
Mean | 45.75 | 39.39 | 42.57 |
SD | 12.73 | 11.20 | 11.97 |
SQ | |||
Mean | 64.92 | 74.56 | 69.74 |
SD | 15.89 | 17.25 | 16.57 |
SSQ | |||
Mean | 5.75 | 3.50 | 4.63 |
SD | 2.45 | 1.50 | 1.98 |
SRS | |||
Mean | 33.00 | 42.76 | 37.88 |
SD | 12.88 | 25.67 | 19.27 |
RMET | |||
Mean | 27.64 | 25.44 | 26.54 |
SD | 4.95 | 4.68 | 4.81 |
COWA | |||
Mean | 49.00 | 43.11 | 46.06 |
SD | 14.21 | 7.94 | 11.08 |
AnNT | |||
Mean | 18.00 | 16.50 | 17.25 |
SD | 5.59 | 4.59 | 5.09 |
FC-EFT | |||
Mean | 11410.41 (ms) | 8815.5 (ms) | 10112.95 (ms) |
SD | 5561.96 (ms) | 5002.31 (ms) | 5282.13 (ms) |
ANT (alerting effect) | |||
Mean | 48.25 (ms) | 51.70 (ms) | 49.97 (ms) |
SD | 34.53 (ms) | 28.56 (ms) | 31.54 (ms) |
ANT (orienting effect) | |||
Mean | 58.166 (ms) | 48.05 (ms) | 53.11 (ms) |
SD | 37.64 (ms) | 20.97 (ms) | 29.31 (ms) |
ANT (conflict effect) | |||
Mean | 116.33 (ms) | 114.64 (ms) | 115.49 (ms) |
SD | 38.56 (ms) | 40.14 (ms) | 39.35 (ms) |
ANT (grand mean effect) | |||
Mean | 656.33 (ms) | 620.52 (ms) | 638.43 (ms) |
SD | 60.32 (ms) | 34.16 (ms) | 47.24 (ms) |
Second-order ToM | |||
Mean | − 5.20 (s) | − 0.063 (s) | − 2.63 (s) |
SD | 4.95 (s) | 10.61 (s) | 7.78 (s) |
Egocentric first-order ToM | |||
Mean | 6.984 (s) | 1.183 (s) | 4.08 (s) |
SD | 14.01 (s) | 18.65 (s) | 16.33 (s) |
Allocentric first-order ToM | |||
Mean | 3.94 (s) | 0.548 (s) | 2.24 (s) |
SD | 5.160 (s) | 11.477 (s) | 8.31 (s) |
WASI (verbal IQ) | |||
Mean | 109.42 | 109.67 | 109.54 |
SD | 9.89 | 7.90 | 8.90 |
WASI (performance IQ) | |||
Mean | 102.00 | 109.17 | 105.58 |
SD | 6.66 | 7.08 | 6.87 |
WASI (full-scale IQ) | |||
Mean | 106.83 | 110.89 | 108.86 |
SD | 7.52 | 7.54 | 7.53 |
Image acquisitions
Preprocessing
Modelling of diffusion-weighted signals
Network construction
Correlation matrix
Connection matrix
Network metrics
Strength
Characteristic path length
Clustering coefficient
Global and local efficiencies
Statistical analyses
Results
Behavioural measure | Clustering coefficient ρ (p) | Characteristic path length ρ (p) | Efficiency ρ (p) | Behavioural measure | Clustering coefficient ρ (p) | Characteristic path length ρ (p) | Efficiency ρ (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 o ToM | − 0.121 (0.257) | 0.087 (0.321) | − 0.202 (0.142) | Reading the Mind in the Eyes | 0.170 (0.185) | − 0.220 (0.119) | 0.233 (0.108) |
Egocentric 1o ToM | − 0.030 (0.445) | − 0.015 (0.464) | − 0.003 (0.496) | Controlled Oral Word Association | − 0.032 (0.436) | − 0.024 (0.448) | 0.033 (0.434) |
Allocentric 1o ToM | − 0.036 (0.430) | 0.017 (0.468) | − 0.006 (0.492) | Animal names | − 0.123 (0.251) | 0.094 (0.300) | − 0.042 (0.405) |
AQ Soc | 0.308 (0.053) | − 0.277 (0.069) | 0.277 (0.071) | Embedded figures | − 0.029 (0.438) | 0.055 (0.382) | 0.039 (0.419) |
AQ Det | − 0.106 (0.277) | 0.127 (0.237) | − 0.077 (0.329) | ANT alerting | − 0.202 (0.142) | 0.100 (0.304) | − 0.206 (0.136) |
Empathy quotient | − 0.175 (0.173) | 0.187 (0.159) | − 0.145 (0.218) | ANT orienting | − 0.423 (0.010)* | 0.441 (0.007)* | − 0.406 (0.013)* |
Systemizing quotient | − 0.006 (0.488) | 0.021 (0.459) | 0.011 (0.475) | ANT conflict | − 0.095 (0.313) | 0.170 (0.186) | − 0.115 (0.275) |
Sensory Sensitivity Questionnaire | 0.049 (0.410) | 0.013 (0.461) | 0.008 (0.491) | ANT grand mean | − 0.002 (0.488) | 0.028 (0.427) | − 0.017 (0.458) |
Social Responsiveness Scale | 0.455 (0.0075)* | − 0.387 (0.018)* | 0.467 (0.006)* |
Region | Nodal strength ρ (p) | Nodal clustering ρ (p) | Nodal efficiency ρ (p) |
---|---|---|---|
L precentral gyrus | 0.442 (0.008) | 0.452 (0.006) | |
R precentral gyrus | 0.468 (0.005) | 0.514 (0.002) | |
L superior frontal gyrus | 0.549 (0.001) | 0.523 (0.001) | |
L superior frontal (orbital) | 0.545 (0.001) | 0.423 (0.011) | 0.434 (0.010) |
R superior frontal (orbital) | 0.558 (0.0006) | 0.466 (0.004) | 0.449 (0.006) |
R middle frontal gyrus | 0.510 (0.003) | 0.510 (0.002) | |
L middle frontal (orbital) | 0.603 (0.0004) | 0.636 (0.0002) | 0.639 (0.0002) |
R middle frontal (orbital) | 0.547 (0.001) | 0.518 (0.002) | 0.532 (0.001) |
L inferior frontal (opercular) | 0.382 (0.020) | 0.413 (0.013) | |
R inferior frontal (triangular) | 0.446 (0.007) | 0.401 (0.015) | |
L inferior frontal (orbital) | 0.440 (0.007) | 0.434 (0.009) | |
R inferior frontal (orbital) | 0.389 (0.017) | ||
L Rolandic operculum | 0.397 (0.015) | ||
R Rolandic operculum | 0.490 (0.003) | 0.452 (0.006) | |
L supplementary motor area | 0.590 (0.0006) | 0.366 (0.023) | 0.449 (0.007) |
L medial superior frontal gyrus | 0.510 (0.003) | ||
L olfactory | 0.396 (0.017) | 0.437 (0.008) | |
R olfactory | 0.355 (0.027) | 0.365 (0.025) | |
R superior frontal gyrus (medial) | 0.413 (0.013) | 0.358 (0.027) | |
L superior frontal (medial orbital) | 0.362 ( 0.024) | ||
R superior frontal (medial orbital) | 0.379 (0.021) | ||
L insula | 0.409 (0.013) | 0.383 (0.019) | |
R insula | 0.377 (0.020) | 0.351 (0.029) | |
L anterior cingulate, paracingulate | 0.368 (0.022) | ||
R anterior cingulate, paracingulate | 0.437 ( 0.009) | 0.376 ( 0.021) | |
L median cingulate, paracingulate | 0.560 (0.0008) | 0.468 (0.004) | |
L posterior cingulate | 0.368 (0.024) | 0.386 (0.020) | |
R posterior cingulate | 0.372 (0.022) | ||
R hippocampus | 0.576 (0.001) | 0.410 (0.011) | 0.345 (0.030) |
L parahippocampal gyrus | 0.405 (0.012) | 0.337 (0.030) | |
R parahippocampal gyrus | 0.431 (0.008) | 0.412 (0.011) | |
L amygdala | 0.449 (0.006) | 0.415 ( 0.013) | |
R amygdala | 0.479 (0.003) | 0.418 (0.010) | 0.393 (0.016) |
L calcarine cortex | 0.483 (0.003) | 0.461 (0.005) | |
R calcarine cortex | 0.445 (0.007) | 0.385 (0.017) | |
L cuneus | 0.388 (0.016) | 0.401 (0.014) | |
R cuneus | 0.409 (0.012) | 0.381 (0.020) | |
L lingual gyrus | 0.487 (0.003) | 0.445 (0.006) | |
L superior occipital gyrus | 0.464 (0.005) | 0.492 (0.002) | |
L fusiform gyrus | 0.356 (0.026) | 0.363 (0.022) | |
R fusiform gyrus | 0.413 (0.012) | 0.408 (0.012) | |
L postcentral gyrus | 0.355 (0.029) | ||
R postcentral gyrus | 0.355 (0.027) | ||
L inferior parietal lobule | 0.492 (0.003) | 0.433 (0.010) | |
R inferior parietal lobule | 0.356 (0.028) | 0.393 (0.017) | |
L supramarginal gyrus | 0.478 (0.004) | 0.403 (0.014) | 0.417 (0.011) |
R supramarginal gyrus | 0.479 (0.004) | 0.443 (0.007) | |
L angular gyrus | 0.572 (0.0006) | 0.457 ( 0.006) | 0.511 (0.003) |
R angular gyrus | 0.448 (0.007) | 0.445 (0.007) | |
L precuneus | 0.617 (0.0002) | 0.567 ( 0.001) | |
R precuneus | 0.374 (0.023) | 0.359 (0.026) | |
L paracentral lobule | 0.374 (0.021) | ||
R paracentral lobule | 0.419 (0.011) | ||
L putamen | 0.369 (0.023) | ||
R putamen | 0.587 (0.0004) | 0.550 (0.0008) | |
L pallidum | 0.486 (0.004) | 0.444 (0.008) | |
R pallidum | 0.649 (0.0001) | 0.366 (0.021) | |
R lenticular nucleus, pallidum | 0.357 (0.026) | ||
L thalamus | 0.358 (0.026) | ||
L Heschl’s gyrus | 0.363 (0.022) | 0.354 (0.027) | |
L superior temporal pole | 0.499 (0.003) | 0.444 (0.007) | |
R superior temporal pole | 0.354 (0.029) | 0.365 (0.023) | |
L middle temporal gyrus | 0.503 (0.003) | 0.459 (0.007) | 0.473 (0.005) |
L middle temporal pole | 0.451 (0.007) | 0.399 (0.015) | |
R middle temporal pole | 0.466 (0.006) | 0.392 (0.016) | |
R inferior temporal | 0.578 (0.0007) | 0.417 (0.010) | 0.417 (0.011) |
Regions | Clustering coefficient ρ (p) |
---|---|
R precentral gyrus | − 0.511 (0.003) |
L superior frontal | − 0.417 (0.010) |
L middle frontal (orbital) | − 0.480 (0.004) |
R middle frontal (orbital) | − 0.431 (0.009) |
L inferior opercular frontal | − 0.412 (0.012) |
R olfactory | − 0.450 (0.006) |
R middle orbitofrontal | − 0.429 (0.007) |
R gyrus rectus | − 0.439 (0.008) |
L amygdala | − 0.485 (0.003) |
R amygdala | − 0.479 (0.004) |
R calcarine cortex | − 0.553 (0.0008) |
L superior occipital gyrus | − 0.445 (0.006) |
R postcentral gyrus | − 0.434 (0.007) |
R inferior parietal lobule | − 0.481 (0.004) |
R supramarginal gyrus | − 0.571 (0.001) |
L putamen | − 0.437 (0.006) |
R putamen | − 0.480 (0.003) |
L pallidum | − 0.471 (0.004) |
R pallidum | − 0.434 (0.010) |
L superior temporal pole | − 0.424 (0.009) |
L middle temporal pole | − 0.494 (0.003) |
R middle temporal pole | − 0.455 (0.005) |
Behavioural measures | Clustering coefficient ρ (p) | Characteristic path length ρ (p) | Efficiency ρ (p) | Behavioural measures | Clustering coefficient ρ (p) | Characteristic path length ρ (p) | Efficiency ρ (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 o ToM | 0.127 (0.248) | − 0.051 (0.394) | 0.144 (0.218) | Reading the Mind in the Eyes | − 0.162 (0.195) | 0.210 (0.135) | − 0.141 (0.229) |
Allocentric 1o ToM | − 0.266 (0.076) | 0.216 (0.130) | − 0.280 (0.065) | Controlled Oral Word Association | − 0.079 (0.333) | 0.114 (0.273) | − 0.073 (0.349) |
Egocentric 1o ToM | − 0.205 (0.137) | 0.149 (0.216) | − 0.169 (0.181) | Animal names | 0.077 (0.342) | − 0.005 (0.487) | 0.154 (0.207) |
AQ Soc | − 0.104 (0.295) | 0.136 (0.235) | − 0.115 (0.273) | Embedded figures | − 0.088 (0.314) | − 0.002 (0.498) | − 0.076 (0.335) |
AQ Det | − 0.067 (0.366) | 0.107 (0.288) | − 0.063 (0.372) | ANT alerting | 0.003 (0.495) | 0.056 (0.379) | 0.043 (0.415) |
Empathy quotient | 0.221 (0.124) | − 0.235 (0.106) | 0.213 (0.131) | ANT orienting | 0.152 (0.210) | − 0.164 (0.196) | 0.152 (0.206) |
Systemizing quotient | 0.368 (0.023)* | − 0.256 (0.090) | 0.385 (0.018)* | ANT conflict | − 0.052 (0.396) | − 0.041(0.410) | − 0.068 (0.365) |
Sensory Sensitivity Questionnaire | 0.156 (0.202) | − 0.242 (0.097) | 0.107 (0.286) | ANT grand mean | 0.293 (0.211) | − 0.283 (0.196) | 0.301 (0.207) |
Social Responsiveness Scale | 0.207 (0.128) | − 0.175 (0.168) | 0.219 (0.116) |
Regions | Strength vs SQ ρ (p) | Regions | Clustering coefficient vs SQ ρ (p) | Regions | Efficiency vs SQ ρ (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L Parahippocampal | 0.585 (0.0003) | R Parahippocampal | 0.556 (0.0007) | L Parahippocampal | 0.556 (0.001) |
R Parahippocampal | 0.592 (0.0004) | R Middle temporal pole | 0.517 (0.0013) | R Parahippocampal | 0.564 (0.0005) |
R Olfactory | 0.555 (0.0007) |