nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

13. Beatmung bei neuromuskulären Erkrankungen

verfasst von : Martin Groß, Johannes Dorst, Kerstin Pelzer

Erschienen in: Neurologische Beatmungsmedizin

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Neuromuskuläre Erkrankungen betreffen das erste und zweite Motoneuron, die peripheren Nerven, die neuromuskulären Übertragung und die Muskelzelle. Es handelt sich um eine heterogene Gruppe von erblichen, degenerativen und autoimmunen Erkrankungen. Eine korrekte diagnostische Einordnung ist erforderlich, da zentralnervöse, kardiale, endokrine und weitere Begleitsymptome vorliegen können und für einige Erkrankungen bereits medikamentöse Therapien zur Verfügung stehen. Neuromuskuläre Erkrankungen haben eine große Bedeutung in der neuromuskulären Beatmungsmedizin. Die respiratorische Symptomatik resultiert in der Regel aus Paresen der am Atmen, Schlucken oder Husten beteiligten Muskulatur mit konsekutiver ventilatorischer Insuffienz, Dysphagie bis hin zur Speichelaspiration und Sekretretention. Mittels eines strukturierte Sekretmanagements und einer effektive nichtinvasive oder invasive Beatmungstherapie können neuromuskuläre Patienten viele Jahre mit guter Lebensqualität überleben. Themen dieses Kapitels sind ein Überblick über die neuromuskulären Erkrankungen, die Indikationen und Strategien der nichtinvasiven und der invasiven Beatmung und eine ausführliche Darstellung beatmungsmedizinisch besonders relevanter neuromuskulärer Erkrankungen wie der amyotrophe Lateralsklerose, des Guillain-Barré-Syndroms, der Myasthenia gravis und der Critical-Illness-Polyneuropathie/-Myopathie.

Aboussouan LS (2015) Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191(9):979–89

Aboussouan LS, Mireles-Cabodevila E (2017) Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Chest 152(4):880–892

Alawi A et al (2018) Genotype and phenotype analysis of 43 Iranian facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy patients; evidence for anticipation. Neuromuscul Disord 28(4):303–314

Albdewi MA et al (2018) Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with neuromuscular disease. Sleep Breath 22(2):277–286

Annane D et al (1999) Mechanisms underlying effects of nocturnal ventilation on daytime blood gases in neuromuscular diseases. Eur Respir J 13(1):157–162

Anthony K et al (2014) Biochemical characterization of patients with in-frame or out-of-frame DMD deletions pertinent to exon 44 or 45 skipping. JAMA Neurol 71(1):32–40

Bach JR (1993) A comparison of long-term ventilatory support alternatives from the perspective of the patient and care giver. Chest 104(6):1702–1706

Bach JR (2017) Noninvasive respiratory management of patients with neuromuscular disease. Ann Rehabil Med 41(4):519–538

Bach JR, Martinez D (2011) Duchenne muscular dystrophy: continuous noninvasive ventilatory support prolongs survival. Respir Care 56(6):744–750

Bach JR et al (2004) Oximetry and indications for tracheotomy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Chest 126(5):1502–1507

Bertella E et al (2017) Early initiation of night-time NIV in an outpatient setting: a randomized non-inferiority study in ALS patients. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 53(6):892–899

Bianchi ML et al (2014) Prevalence and clinical correlates of sleep disordered breathing in myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2. Sleep Breath18(3):579–589

Bird TD (2018) Myotonic dystrophy type 1. In: Adam MP et al (Hrsg). GeneReviews^®, Seattle

Birnkrant DJ et al (2018) Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management. Lancet Neurol 17(4):347–361

Boentert M et al (2015) Effects of non-invasive ventilation on objective sleep and nocturnal respiration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 262(9):2073–2082

Borel CO et al (1993) Ventilatory drive and carbon dioxide response in ventilatory failure due to myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Crit Care Med 21(11):1717–1726

Bourke et al (2006) Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 5(2):140–147

Butz M et al (2003) Longitudinal effects of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 82(8):597–604

Chadda K et al (2004) Pressure support versus assisted controlled noninvasive ventilation in neuromuscular disease. Neurocrit Care 1(4):429–434

Chen M et al (2017) Enzyme replacement therapy for infantile-onset Pompe disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD011539. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858

Costanza L, Moggio M (2010) Muscular dystrophies: histology, immunohistochemistry, molecular genetics and management. Curr Pharm Des16(8):978–987

Crescimanno G et al (2011) Efficacy and comfort of volume-guaranteed pressure support in patients with chronic ventilatory failure of neuromuscular origin. Respirology 16(4):672–679

Daxinger L et al (2015) Genetic and epigenetic contributors to FSHD. Curr Opin Genet Dev 33:56–61

De Antonio M et al (2016) Unravelling the myotonic dystrophy type 1 clinical spectrum: a systematic registry-based study with implications for disease classification. Rev Neurol (Paris) 172(10):572–580

Deenen JWC et al (2014) Population-based incidence and prevalence of facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Neurology 83(12):1056–1059

Della Marca G et al (2009) Sleep disordered breathing in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. J Neurol Sci 285(1–2):54–58

Deschauer M et al (2016) S1-Leitlinie Diagnostik von Myopathien, Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. https://www.dgn.org/leitlinien/3260-030-115-diagnostik-von-myopathien-2016. Zugegriffen: 31. März 2019

De Simone AM (2017) Facioscapulohumeral muscular Dystrophy. Compr Physiol 7(4):1229–1279

Do TN et al (2018) Muscular dystrophy surveillance, tracking, and research network pilot: population-based surveillance of major muscular dystrophies at four U.S. sites, 2007–2011. Birth Defects Res 110(19):1404–1411

Farrugia ME (2011) Myasthenic syndromes. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 41(1):43–47

Finkel RS et al (2017) Nusinersen versus sham control in infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy. N Engl J Med 377(18):1723–1732

Finsterer J, Soraru G (2016) Onset manifestations of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy’s disease). J Mol Neurosci 58(3):321–329

Flennigan KM (2012) The muscular dystrophies. Semin Neurol 32(3):255–63

Fletcher SN et al (2003) Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. Crit Care Med 31(4):1012–1016

Gao QQ, McNally EM (2015) The dystrophin complex: structure, function, and implications for therapy. Compr Physiol 5(3):1223–1239

Goselink RJM et al (2016) Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy in children: design of a prospective, observational study on natural history, predictors and clinical impact (iFocus FSHD). BMC Neurol 16:138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-016-0664-6

Hermans G et al (2008) Clinical review: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care 12(6):238

Hermans MC et al (2010) Hereditary muscular dystrophies and the heart. Neuromuscul Disord 20(8):479–492

Hermans G et al (2014) Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD006832

Heuß D et al (2012) S1-Leitlinie Diagnostik bei Polyneuropathien. https://www.dgn.org/leitlinien/3754-ll-030-067-diagnostik-bei-polyneuropathien-2019. Zugegriffen: 31. Jan. 2019

Hoque R (2016) Sleep-disordered breathing in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an assessment of the literature. J Clin Sleep Med 12(6):905–911

Hsu DT (2010) Cardiac manifestations of neuromuscular disorders in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 11(1):35–38

Ishikawa Y et al (2011) Duchenne muscular dystrophy: survival by cardio-respiratory interventions. Neuromuscul Disord 21(1):47–51

Jalde C et al (2018) Standardized unloading of respiratory muscles during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist: a randomized crossover pilot study. Anesthesiology 129(4):769–777

Kaub-Wittemer D et al (2003) Quality of life and psychosocial issues in ventilated patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their caregivers. J Pain Symptom Manage 26(4):890–896

Korinthenberg R et al (2012) S3-Leitlinie – Guillain-Barré Syndrom im Kindes-und Jugendalter. https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/022-008k_S3_Guillain-Barre_Syndrom_2019-03.pdf. Zugegriffen: 30. Apr. 2019

Kuperus E et al (2017) Long-term benefit of enzyme replacement therapy in Pompe disease. Neurology 89(23):2365–2373

Liang WC et al (2018) The natural history of the patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Taiwan: a medical center experience. Pediatr Neonatol 59(2):176–183

Ludolph A et al (2014) S1-Leitlinie Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose (Motoneuronerkrankungen). https://www.dgn.org/leitlinien/3012-ll-18-ll-amyotrophe-lateralsklerose-motoneuronerkrankungen. Zugegriffen: 28. Febr. 2019

Luo F et al (2017) Invasive versus non-invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure in neuromuscular disease and chest wall disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD008380

Mah JK et al (2018) A multinational study on motor function in early-onset FSHD. Neurology 90(15):e1333–e1338

Manganelli F, Ruggiero L (2013) Clinical features of Pompe disease. Acta Myol 32(2):82–84

Marini JJ et al (1985) The inspiratory work of breathing during assisted mechanical ventilation. Chest 87(5):612–618

Matthews E et al (2016) Corticosteroids for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5):CD003725

McDonald CM et al (2017) Ataluren in patients with nonsense mutation Duchenne muscular dystrophy (ACT DMD): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 390(10101):1489–1498

Meola G (2013) Clinical aspects, molecular pathomechanisms and management of myotonic dystrophies. Acta Myol 32(3):154–165

Mercuri E et al (2018) Nusinersen versus sham control in later-onset spinal muscular atrophy. N Engl J Med 378(7):625–635

Mellies U et al (2003) Long-term noninvasive ventilation in children and adolescents with neuromuscular disorders. Eur Respir J 22(4):631–636

Newsom-Davis IC et al (2001) The effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on cognitive function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a prospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71(4):482–487

Pattanshetty RB, Gaude GS (2011) Critical illness myopathy and polyneuropathy – a challenge for physiotherapists in the intensive care units. Indian J Crit Care Med 15(2):78–81

Perrin et al (2003) Pulmonary complications of neuromuscular diseases and their management. Muscle Nerve 29(1):5–27

Poussel et al (2015) Lack of correlation between the ventilatory response to CO₂ and lung function impairment in myotonic dystrophy patients: evidence for a dysregulation at central level. Neuromuscul Disord 25(5):403–408

Pratte A et al (2015) Anticipation in myotonic dystrophy type 1 parents with small CTG expansions. Am J Med Genet A 167A(4):708–714

Quarante VN et al (2017) The prognostic role of obstructive sleep apnea at the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis 17(1):14–21

Radunovic A et al (2017) Mechanical ventilation for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD004427

Rialp G et al (2013) Central respiratory drive in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Respir Care 58(3):450–457

Rosenecker J (2014) Pädiatrische Differentialdiagnostik. Springer, HeidelbergCrossRef

Sancho J et al (2014) Non-invasive ventilation effectiveness and the effect of ventilatory mode on survival in ALS patients. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 15(1–2):55–61

Sancho J et al (2018) Bulbar impairment score and survival of stable amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients after noninvasive ventilation initiation. ERJ Open Res 4(2):00159-2017

Schellhas V et al (2018) Upper airway obstruction induced by non-invasive ventilation using an oronasal interface. Sleep Breath 22(3):781–788

Schiffmann PL et al (1983) Sleep deprivation decreases ventilatory response to CO₂ but not load compensation. Chest 84(6):695–698

Shieh PB et al (2018) Deflazacort vs prednisone/prednisolone for maintaining motor function and delaying loss of ambulation: a post hoc analysis from the ACT DMD trial. Muscle Nerve 58(5):639–645

Suh MR et al (2018) Five-year follow-up and outomes in subjects with neuromuscular diseases. Respir Care 63(3):274–281

Simonds AK (2013) Chronic hypoventilation and its management. Eur Respir Rev 22(129):325–332

Smith CA und Gutmann L (2016) Myotonic dystrophy type 1 management and therapeutics. Curr Treat Options Neurol 18(12):52

Sponseller PD et al (2012) Vertebral column resection in children with neuromuscular spine deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 37(11):E655–E661

Springer J et al (2012) Isolated bulbar palsy with associated hypercapnic respiratory failure – a unique presentation of West Nile virus encephalitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185:A3159

Tankersley CG et al (2007) Respiratory impairment in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 102(3):926–932

Tobin MJ et al (2010) Narrative review: Ventilator-induced respiratory muscle weakness. Ann Intern Med153(4):240–245

Toussaint M et al (2016) Dysphagia in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: practical recommendations to guide management. Disabil Rehabil 38(20):2052–2062

Tzeng AC, Bach JR (2000) Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with neuromuscular disease. Chest 118(5):1390–1396

Verschuuren J et al (2016) Neuromuscular junction disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 133:447–466

Vianello A et al (2011) Survival and quality of life after tracheostomy for acute respiratory failure in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Crit Care 26(3):329.e7–e14

Vitacca M et al (2017) Impact of an early respiratory care programme with non-invasive ventilation adaptation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 25(3):556-e33

Walter MC, Reilich P (2017) Recent developments in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: facts and numbers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 8(5):681–685

White DP et al (1983) Sleep deprivation and the control of ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 128(6):984–986

Wiendl H et al (2017) S. 2k-Leitlinie – Diagnostik und Therapie der Myasthenia gravis und des Lambert-Eaton-Syndroms. https://www.dgn.org/leitlinien/3005-ll-68-ll-diagnostik-und-therapie-der-myasthenia-gravis-und-des-lambert-eaton-syndroms. Zugegriffen: 30. Okt. 2018

Windisch et al (2017) S. 2k-Leitlinie – Nichtinvasive und invasive Beatmung als Therapie der chronischen respiratorischen Insuffizienz. https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/020-008l_S2k_NIV_Nichtinvasive_invasive_Beatumung_Insuffizienz_2017-10.pdf. Zugegriffen: 15. Nov. 2018

Wohlgemuth M et al (2018) A family-based study into penetrance in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1. Neurology 91(5):e444–e454

Yan M et al (2018) Agrin and LRP4 antibodies as new biomarkers of myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1413(1):126–135

Young HK et al (2007) Outcome of noninvasive ventilation in children with neuromuscular disease. Neurology 68(3):198–201

Zhou LL et al (2018) Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and alveolar hypoventilation syndrome in motor neuron disease: a case report and literature review. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 43(1):106–112

Aboussouan LS, Khan SU, Meeker DP, Stelmach K, Mitsumoto H (1997) Effect of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation on survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Intern Med 127(6):450–453CrossRefPubMed

Aho-Ozhan HE, Bohm S, Keller J, Dorst J, Uttner I, Ludolph AC et al (2017) Experience matters: neurologists’ perspectives on ALS patients’ well-being. J Neurol 264(4):639–646CrossRefPubMed

Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, de Carvalho M, Chio A, Van Damme P et al (2012) EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS)–revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol Off J Eur Fed Neurol Soc 19(3):360–375 (Epub 2011/09/15)

Andersen PM, Kuzma-Kozakiewicz M, Keller J, Aho-Oezhan HEA, Ciecwierska K, Szejko N et al (2018) Therapeutic decisions in ALS patients: cross-cultural differences and clinical implications. J Neurol 265(7):1600–1606CrossRefPubMed

Baxter SK, Baird WO, Thompson S, Bianchi SM, Walters SJ, Lee E et al (2013) The initiation of non-invasive ventilation for patients with motor neuron disease: patient and carer perceptions of obstacles and outcomes. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 14(2):105–110CrossRefPubMed

Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, Meininger V (1994) A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS/Riluzole Study Group. N Engl J Med 330(9):585–591 (Epub 1994/03/03)CrossRefPubMed

Berlowitz DJ, Howard ME, Fiore JF Jr, Vander Hoorn S, O’Donoghue FJ, Westlake J et al (2015) Identifying who will benefit from non-invasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease in a clinical cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (Epub 2015/04/11)

Bertella E, Banfi P, Paneroni M, Grilli S, Bianchi L, Volpato E et al (2017) Early initiation of night-time NIV in an outpatient setting: a randomized non-inferiority study in ALS patients. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 53(6):892–899PubMed

Boentert M, Brenscheidt I, Glatz C, Young P (2015) Effects of non-invasive ventilation on objective sleep and nocturnal respiration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol (Epub 2015/06/17)

Bohm S, Aho-Ozhan HE, Keller J, Dorst J, Uttner I, Ludolph AC et al (2016) Medical decisions are independent of cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 87(16):1737–1738CrossRefPubMed

Bourke SC, Tomlinson M, Williams TL, Bullock RE, Shaw PJ, Gibson GJ (2006) Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 5(2):140–147 (Epub 2006/01/24)CrossRefPubMed

Braak H, Brettschneider J, Ludolph AC, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Del Tredici K (2013) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – a model of corticofugal axonal spread. Nat Rev Neurol 9(12):708–714 (Epub 2013/11/13)PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Braumühl A (1932) Pick’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Allg Z Psychiatr Psychol Med 96:364–366

Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M, Munsat TL (2000) El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord Off Publ World Fed Neurol Res Group Motor Neuron Dis 1(5):293–299 (Epub 2001/07/24)

Butz M, Wollinsky KH, Wiedemuth-Catrinescu U, Sperfeld A, Winter S, Mehrkens HH et al (2003) Longitudinal effects of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabilit/Assoc Acad Physiatr 82(8):597–604 (Epub 2003/07/23)

Cancer Pain Relief And Palliative Care (1990) Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 804:1–75 (Epub 1990/01/01)

Chio A, Ilardi A, Cammarosano S, Moglia C, Montuschi A, Calvo A (2012) Neurobehavioral dysfunction in ALS has a negative effect on outcome and use of PEG and NIV. Neurology 78(14):1085–1089 (Epub 2012/03/24)CrossRefPubMed

Czell D, Bauer M, Binek J, Schoch OD, Weber M (2013) Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion in respiratory impaired amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients under noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care 58(5):838–844 (Epub 2012/10/31)PubMed

Desport JC, Preux PM, Truong TC, Vallat JM, Sautereau D, Couratier P (1999) Nutritional status is a prognostic factor for survival in ALS patients. Neurology 53(5):1059–1063 (Epub 1999/09/25)CrossRefPubMed

Desport JC, Preux PM, Magy L, Boirie Y, Vallat JM, Beaufrere B et al (2001) Factors correlated with hypermetabolism in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 74(3):328–334 (Epub 2001/08/28)CrossRefPubMed

DiPALS (2015) Safety and efficacy of diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory insufficiency due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (DiPALS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 14(9):883–892 (Epub 2015/08/04)CrossRef

Dornblüth O (1889) An anatomical investigation of a case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neur Zbl 13

Dorst J, Dupuis L, Petri S, Kollewe K, Abdulla S, Wolf J et al (2015) Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a prospective observational study. J Neurol (Epub 2015/01/27)

Dupuis L, Dengler R, Heneka MT, Meyer T, Zierz S, Kassubek J et al (2012) A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in combination with riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PloS One 7(6):e37885 (Epub 2012/06/21)PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Dupuis L, Corcia P, Fergani A, Gonzalez De Aguilar JL, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Bittar R et al (2008) Dyslipidemia is a protective factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 70(13):1004–1009 (Epub 2008/01/18)CrossRefPubMed

EdavaroneStudyGroup (2017) Safety and efficacy of edaravone in well defined patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 15(17):30115-1

Feneberg E, Hübers A, Weishaupt JH, Ludolph AC, Otto M (2014) Genetik und Neurochemische Biomarker bei Amyotropher Lateralsklerose und Frontotemporaler Lobärdegeneration. Akt Neurol 41(04):239–247CrossRef

Goldstein LH, Abrahams S (2013) Changes in cognition and behaviour in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: nature of impairment and implications for assessment. Lancet Neurol 12(4):368–380 (Epub 2013/03/23)CrossRefPubMed

Gonzalez-Bermejo J, Morelot-Panzini C, Salachas F, Redolfi S, Straus C, Becquemin MH et al (2012) Diaphragm pacing improves sleep in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Off Publ World Fed Neurol Res Group Motor Neuron Dis 13(1):44–54 (Epub 2011/10/26)

Gonzalez-Bermejo J, Morelot-Panzini C, Tanguy ML, Meininger V, Pradat PF, Lenglet T et al (2016) Early diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (RespiStimALS): a randomised controlled triple-blind trial. Lancet Neurol 15(12):1217–1227CrossRefPubMed

Guidubaldi A, Fasano A, Ialongo T, Piano C, Pompili M, Masciana R et al (2011) Botulinum toxin A versus B in sialorrhea: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover pilot study in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc 26(2):313–319 (Epub 2011/01/25)CrossRef

Guy N, Bourry N, Dallel R, Duale C, Verrelle P, Lapeyre M et al (2011) Comparison of radiotherapy types in the treatment of sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Palliat Med 14(4):391–395 (Epub 2011/03/19)CrossRefPubMed

Hawkey NM, Zaorsky NG, Galloway TJ (2016) The role of radiation therapy in the management of sialorrhea: a systematic review. Laryngoscope 126(1):80–85 Epub 2015/07/15CrossRefPubMed

Jackson CE, Gronseth G, Rosenfeld J, Barohn RJ, Dubinsky R, Simpson CB et al (2009) Randomized double-blind study of botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhea in ALS patients. Muscle Nerve 39(2):137–143 (Epub 2009/01/16)CrossRefPubMed

Jacobs TL, Brown DL, Baek J, Migda EM, Funckes T, Gruis KL (2016) Trial of early noninvasive ventilation for ALS: a pilot placebo-controlled study. Neurology 87(18):1878–1883PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Kasarskis EJ, Berryman S, Vanderleest JG, Schneider AR, McClain CJ (1996) Nutritional status of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: relation to the proximity of death. Am J Clin Nutr 63(1):130–137 (Epub 1996/01/01)CrossRefPubMed

Kassubek J, Muller HP, Del Tredici K, Brettschneider J, Pinkhardt EH, Lule D et al (2014) Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of sequential spreading of disease in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis confirms patterns of TDP-43 pathology. Brain J Neurol 137(Pt 6):1733–1740 (Epub 2014/04/17)CrossRef

Kioumourtzoglou MA, Rotem RS, Seals RM, Gredal O, Hansen J, Weisskopf MG (2015) Diabetes mellitus, obesity, and diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study. JAMA Neurol 72(8):905–911PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Kleopa KA, Sherman M, Neal B, Romano GJ, Heiman-Patterson T (1999) Bipap improves survival and rate of pulmonary function decline in patients with ALS. J Neurol Sci 164(1):82–88CrossRefPubMed

Korner S, Kollewe K, Ilsemann J, Muller-Heine A, Dengler R, Krampfl K et al (2013) Prevalence and prognostic impact of comorbidities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol Off J Eur Fed Neurol Soc 20(4):647–654

Ludolph A, Drory V, Hardiman O, Nakano I, Ravits J, Robberecht W et al (2015) A revision of the El Escorial criteria – 2015. Amyotrophic Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 1–2 (Epub 2015/06/30)

Ludolph AC, Schuster J, Dorst J, Dupuis L, Dreyhaupt J, Weishaupt JH et al (2018) Safety and efficacy of rasagiline as an add-on therapy to riluzole in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 18(18):30176-5

Lule D, Ehlich B, Lang D, Sorg S, Heimrath J, Kubler A et al (2013) Quality of life in fatal disease: the flawed judgement of the social environment. J Neurol 260(11):2836–2843CrossRefPubMed

Lule D, Burkhardt C, Abdulla S, Bohm S, Kollewe K, Uttner I et al (2015) The Edinburgh cognitive and behavioural amyotrophic lateral sclerosis screen: a cross-sectional comparison of established screening tools in a German-Swiss population. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 16(1–2):16–23 (Epub 2014/10/09)CrossRefPubMed

Mariosa D, Beard JD, Umbach DM, Bellocco R, Keller J, Peters TL et al (2017) Body Mass Index and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Study of US Military Veterans. Am J Epidemiol 2:1–10

Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, England JD, Forshew D, Johnston W et al (2009) Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 73(15):1218–1226 (Epub 2009/10/14)PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Mustfa N, Walsh E, Bryant V, Lyall RA, Addington-Hall J, Goldstein LH et al (2006) The effect of noninvasive ventilation on ALS patients and their caregivers. Neurology 66(8):1211–1217 (Epub 2006/04/26)CrossRefPubMed

Neudert C, Oliver D, Wasner M, Borasio GD (2001) The course of the terminal phase in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 248(7):612–616 (Epub 2001/08/24)CrossRefPubMed

Neumann M, Sampathu DM, Kwong LK, Truax AC, Micsenyi MC, Chou TT et al (2006) Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science 314(5796):130–133 (Epub 2006/10/07)CrossRefPubMed

Newall AR, Orser R, Hunt M (1996) The control of oral secretions in bulbar ALS/MND. J Neurol Sci 139:43–44CrossRefPubMed

Peysson S, Vandenberghe N, Philit F, Vial C, Petitjean T, Bouhour F et al (2008) Factors predicting survival following noninvasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur Neurol 59(3–4):164–171 (Epub 2008/01/31)CrossRefPubMed

Pradat PF, Bruneteau G, Gordon PH, Dupuis L, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Simon D et al (2010) Impaired glucose tolerance in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Off Publ World Fed Neurol Res Group Motor Neuron Dis 11(1–2):166–171 (Epub 2010/02/27)

ProGas (2015) Gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ProGas): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 14(7):702–709CrossRef

Rabkin JG, Albert SM, Del Bene ML, O’Sullivan I, Tider T, Rowland LP et al (2005) Prevalence of depressive disorders and change over time in late-stage ALS. Neurology 65(1):62–67PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Ravits J (2014) Focality, stochasticity and neuroanatomic propagation in ALS pathogenesis. Exp Neurol 262:121–126 (Epub 2014/08/12)CrossRefPubMed

Rinaldi S et al (2013) Antibodies to heteromeric glycolipid complexes in Guillain-Barré syndrome. PLoS One 8(12):e82337

Sancho J, Servera E, Diaz J, Marin J (2004) Efficacy of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation in medically stable patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Chest 125(4):1400–1405 (Epub 2004/04/14)CrossRefPubMed

Sancho J, Servera E, Morelot-Panzini C, Salachas F, Similowski T, Gonzalez-Bermejo J (2014) Non-invasive ventilation effectiveness and the effect of ventilatory mode on survival in ALS patients. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 15(1–2):55–61 (Epub 2013/11/26)CrossRefPubMed

Schreiber H, Gaigalat T, Wiedemuth-Catrinescu U, Graf M, Uttner I, Muche R et al (2005) Cognitive function in bulbar- and spinal-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A longitudinal study in 52 patients. J Neurol 252(7):772–781 (Epub 2005/03/03)CrossRefPubMed

Spataro R, Bono V, Marchese S, La Bella V (2012) Tracheostomy mechanical ventilation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: clinical features and survival analysis. J Neurol Sci 323(1–2):66–70 (Epub 2012/09/20)CrossRefPubMed

Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Weishaupt J, Brettschneider J, Tumani H, Andersen PM et al (2016) Neurofilaments in the diagnosis of motoneuron diseases: a prospective study on 455 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 87(1):12–20 (Epub 2015/08/25)PubMed

Vitacca M, Montini A, Lunetta C, Banfi P, Bertella E, De Mattia E et al (2018) Impact of an early respiratory care programme with non-invasive ventilation adaptation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol Off J Eur Fed Neurol Soc 25(3):29

Volanti P, Cibella F, Sarva M, De Cicco D, Spanevello A, Mora G et al (2011) Predictors of non-invasive ventilation tolerance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 303(1–2):114–118 (Epub 2011/02/01)CrossRefPubMed

Weiss MD, Macklin EA, Simmons Z, Knox AS, Greenblatt DJ, Atassi N et al (2016) A randomized trial of mexiletine in ALS: safety and effects on muscle cramps and progression. Neurology 86(16):1474–1481 (Epub 2016/02/26)PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Wills AM, Hubbard J, Macklin EA, Glass J, Tandan R, Simpson EP et al (2014) Hypercaloric enteral nutrition in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet (Epub 2014/03/04)

Winck JC, Goncalves MR, Lourenco C, Viana P, Almeida J, Bach JR (2004) Effects of mechanical insufflation–exsufflation on respiratory parameters for patients with chronic airway secretion encumbrance. Chest 126(3):774–780 (Epub 2004/09/15)CrossRefPubMed

Winterholler MG, Erbguth FJ, Wolf S, Kat S (2001) Botulinum toxin for the treatment of sialorrhoea in ALS: serious side effects of a transductal approach. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(3):417–418PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Andrew PI (2004) Autoimmune myasthenia gravis in childhood. Sem Neurol 24(1):101–110CrossRef

Asbury AK, Cormbleth DR et al (1990) Assessment of curent diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Ann Neurol 27(suppl):21–24CrossRef

Barton JJ, Fouladvand M (2000) Ocular aspects of myasthenia gravis. Semin Neurol 20:7–20CrossRefPubMed

Bickerstaff ER, Cloake PC (1951) Mesencephalitis and rhombencephalitis. Br Med J 2(4723):77–81PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Brunner R, Rinner W, Haberle C et al (2013) Early treatment with IgM-enriched intravenous immunglobulin can not mitigate critical illness polyneuropathy and/or myopathy in patients with multiorgan failure and sepsis: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial. Crit Care 17(5):R213 (PMC free article) (PubMed)

Carr AS, Cardwell CR (2010) A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol 10:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-10-46CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Casetta I, Groppe E et al (2010) Myasthenia gravis: a changing pattern of incidence. J Neurol 257(12):2015–2019CrossRefPubMed

Caudie C, Bancel J, Petiot P, Antoine JC, Gonnaud PM (2002) Antiganglioside autoantibody profiles in Guillain-Barre Syndrom. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 60:589–597

Cavalcente P, Bermasconi P (2012) Autoimmune mechanismus in myasthenia gravis. Curr Opin Neurol 25(5):621–629CrossRef

Chevret S, Hughes Richard AC et al (2017) Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2) available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/4651858.CD001798.pub3/abstract

Chunkui Z, Limin W, Fengming N, Wie J, Jiang W, Hongliang Z (2014) Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: a systematic review. Neurol Regen Res 9(1):101–110CrossRef

Cole RN et al (2008) Anti-MuSKpatient antibodies disrupt the mouse neuromuscular junction. Ann Neurol 63(6):782–789CrossRefPubMed

Compsten DAS, Vincent A et al (1980) Clinical, pathological, Hla-Antigen and immunological evidence for disease heterogenity in Myasthenia gravis. Brain 103:579–601CrossRef

Cup EH, Pieterse AJ et al (2007) Exercise therapy and other typs of physical therapy for patients with neuromuscular diseases: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88:1452–1464CrossRef

Danon MJ, Carponter S (1991) Myopathie with thick filament (myosin) loss following prolonged paralysis with vecuronium during steroid treatment. Muscle Nerve 14:1131–1139CrossRefPubMed

De la Cour CD, Jakobsen J (2005) Residual neuropathy in longterm population – based follow – up of Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Neurology 64:246–253CrossRef

De Jonghe B, Sharshar T, Lafaucheuer JP et al (2002) Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter study. JAMA 288(22):2859–2867CrossRefPubMed

Diener HC, Haupt WF et al (2001) A preliminary randomized multicenter study comparing intravenous immunoglobin, plasma exchange and immunadsorption in Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Eur Neurol 46:107–109CrossRefPubMed

Dimitriadis K, Kastrup O, Hoppe J, Pfister H.-W (2018) Neurologische Intensivmedizin. In: Diener H-C, Gerloff C, Dieterich M (Hrsg) Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen 7. A Kohlhammer, Stuttgart

Drechmann DB (1994) Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 330(25):1797–1810CrossRef

Engel AG (1999) Congenital myasthenia syndroms. J Child Neurol 14(1):38–41PubMed

Evoli A, Batocchi AP et al (2000) Clinical characteristics and prognosis of myasthenia gravis in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 48(11):1442–1448CrossRefPubMed

Fenzi F, Latronico N, Refatti N et al (2003) Enhanced expression of E-selectin on the vascular endothelium of peripheral nerve in critical ill patients with neuromuscular disorder. Acta Neuropathol 106(1):75–82 (PubMed)CrossRefPubMed

Fisher M (1956) An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrom of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia). N Eng J Med 255(2):57–62 (PMID 13334799)CrossRef

Fletcher DD, Lawn ND et al (2000) Long – term outcome in patients with Guillain-Barre-Syndrom requiring mechanical ventilation. Neurology 54(12):2311–2315CrossRefPubMed

Friedrich O (2008) Critical illness myopathy: sepsis-mediated failure of the peripheral nervous system. Euro J Anaesthesiol 42(1):73–82CrossRef

Friedrich O, Hund E, Weber C et al (2004) Critical illness myopathathy serum fractions affect membrane excitability and intracellulare calcium release in mammalien skelett muscle. J Neurol (1):53–65 (PubMed)

Gajdos P, Chevret S et al (2008) Intravenous immunglobulin for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1) CD002277

Gajdos P, Chevret S et al (2012) Intravenous immunglobulin for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12) CD002277

Gajdos P, Chevret S et al (1997) Clinical trial of plasmaexchange and high-dose intravenous immunglobuline in myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis Clinical Study Group. Ann Neurol 41(6):789–796CrossRefPubMed

Gamrin L, Andersson K, Huttman E et al (1997) Longitudinal changes of biochemical parameters in muscle during critical illness. Metabolism 46(7):756–762 (PubMed)CrossRefPubMed

Garnacho-Montero J et al (2005) Effect of critical illness polyneuropathy on the withdrawal from mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in septic patients. Crit Care Med 33(2):349–354

Gilhus NE (2015) Myasthenia gravis and risk for comorbidity. Eur J Neurol 22(1):17–23CrossRefPubMed

Gilhus NE, Sheie GO et al (2016) Myasthenia gravis – autoantibody characteristics and their implications for therapy. Nat Rev Neurol 12(5):259–268CrossRefPubMed

Gold R, Müllges W et al (2008) Neuromuskuläre Erkrankungen. In: Schwab S et al (Hrsg) Neurointensiv. Springer, Heidelberg, S 679–722

Grob D, Simpson D et al (1995) Treatment of myasthenia gravis by immunoadsorption of plasma. Neurology 45(2):338–344CrossRefPubMed

Guillain G, Barre J, Strohl A (1916) Sur un syndrome de radiculo-nevvite avec hyperalbuminase du liquide cephalor achidien sans reaction cellulaire. Remarques sur les characteres clinique et graphique des reflexes tendinaux. Bull Memories Soc Medicale Hosp Paris 40:1462–1470

Hedal AT, Owe JF (2009) Seropositive myasthenia gravis: a nationwide epidemiologic study. Neurology 73(2):150–151CrossRef

Heininger K, Hendrich M et al (1985) Myasthenia gravis – a new semiselective procedure to remove acethylcholine-receptor-autoantibodies from plasma. Plasma Ther Transfus Technol 6(4):771–775

Hemminki K, Li X et al (2006) Familiäre Risiken für Erkrankungen der Myoneural Junction und Muskel bei Geschwistern basierend auf Krankenhauseinweisungen und Todesfällen in Schweden. Zweibettzimmer Res Hum Genet 9:573–579. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.9.4.573CrossRef

Henze T, Janzen R et al (2010) Immunotherapy for myasthenia gravis and Lambert. Eaton- myasthenic-syndrom part 2: intravenous immunglobulins and Aphersis Technique. Aktuelle Neurol 37:518–523CrossRef

Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W et al (2007) Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complication and ventilator dependency in a medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175(5):480–489 (PubMed)CrossRefPubMed

Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F et al (2008) Clinical review: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care 12(6):238PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, Van den Berge G (2014) Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy on the withdrawal from mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in septic patients. Crit Care Med 33(2):349–352

Hiraga A, Kuwabara S, Ogawara K, Misawa S, Kanesaka T, Koga M, Yuki N, Hattori T, Mori M (2005) Patterns and serial changes in electrodiagnostic abnormalities of axonal Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Neurology 64:856–860CrossRefPubMed

Ho TW, Willison HJ et al (1999) Anti – GD1a antibody is associate with axonal but not demyelinating forms of Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Ann Neurol 45:168–173CrossRefPubMed

Hughes RAC, Swan AV et al (2014) Intravenous immunglobulin for Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002063.ub6/abstract

Hedden RD, Cornblath DR et al (1998) Electrophysiological classifikation of Guillain-Barré-Syndrom: clinical association and outcome. Plasma exchange/sandoglobin Guillain-Barré-Syndrom trial group. Ann Neurol 44:780–788CrossRef

Hedden RDM, Karch H et al (2001) The plasma exchange/Sandoglobulin in Guillain-Barré-Syndrom Trial Group. Preceding infections, immune factors and outcome in Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Neurology 56:758–765CrossRef

Hughes RA, Cormbloth DR (2005) Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Lancet 366(9497):1653–1666. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67665-9CrossRef

Hughes RA, Hedden RD (1999) Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. J Neuroimmunol 100:74–97CrossRefPubMed

Hund E (2008) Critical-illness-Polyneuropathie und Myopathie. In: Schwab S, Schellinger P, Werner C, Unterberg A, Hache W (Hrsg) NeuroIntensiv, S 699

Jani-Acsadi A, Lisak RP (2007) Myastenic crisis: guidelines for preventions and treatment. J Neurol Sci 261:127–133CrossRefPubMed

Jaretzki A 3rd, Barohn RJ et al (2000) Myasthenia gravis recommendation for clinical research standards Task Force oft he Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia gravis Foundation of America. Neurology 55(1):16–23CrossRefPubMed

Jacobs BC, Koga M et al (2008) Subclass IgG to motor gangliosides related to infection and clinical course in Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. J Neuroimmunol 194:181–190CrossRefPubMed

Johannis W, Renno JH et al (2014) Anti – glycolipid antibodies in patients with neuropathy: a diagnostic assessment. J Clin Neurosci 21:488–492CrossRefPubMed

Keogh M, Sedehizadeh S et al (2011) Treatment for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome . Cochrane Data Base Syst Rev (2):CD003279

Lacomis DJ (2011) Neuromuscular disorder in critically ill patients: review and update.J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 12(4):197–218 (PubMed)

Latronico N, Bolton CF (2011) Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy:a major cause of muscle weakness and paralysis. Lancet Neurol 10(10):931–941 (PubMed)CrossRefPubMed

Latronico N, Peli E, Botteri M (2005) Critical illness myopathy nd neuropathy. Curr Opin Crit Care 11(2):126–132 (PubMed)CrossRefPubMed

Lawn ND, Wijdicks EF (1999) Tracheostomy in Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Muscle Nerve 22(8):1058–1062CrossRefPubMed

Lacomis D (2005) Myasthenic crisis. Neurocrit Care 3:189–194CrossRefPubMed

Liu S, Dong C, Ubogu EE (2018) Immuntherapy of Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Hum Vaccin Immunother. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515 (1493415 pubmed)CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Marx A, Pfister F et al (2013) The different roles oft he thymus in the pathogenesis oft he various myasthenia gravis subtypes. Autoimmun Rev 12(9):875–884CrossRefPubMed

Masuda T et al (2012) Antikörper gegen die immunogene Hauptregion des Acetylcholinrezeptors korrelieren mir der Schwere der Erkrankung bei Myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 83:935–940. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-302705CrossRef

Melms A, Schalke BC, Kirchner T, Muller-Hermelink HK, Albert E, Wekerle H (1988) Thymus in myasthenia gravis. Isolation of T-lymphocyte lines specific for the nicotinic acetycholine receptor from thymuses of myasthenic patients. J Clin Invest 81:902–908PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Melzer N, Ruck T et al (2016) Klinische Merkmale, Pathogenese und Behandlung von Myasthenia gravis: Eine Ergänzung zu den Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie. J Neurol 263:1473–1494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0045-016-8045-zCrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Motomura M, Johnston I et al (1995) an improved diagnostic assey for Lambert-Eaton myasthenia gravis syndrom. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58(1):85–87PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Mc Grogan A, Modle GC, Seeman HE, De Vvies CS (2009) The epidemiology of Guillain-Barre-Syndrom worldwide; a systematic literature review. Neuro Epidemiol 32(2):150–163

Nachamkin I, Arzarte Barbosa P et al (2007) Patterns of Guillain-Barré-Syndrom in children: results from Mexican population. Neurology 69:1665–1671CrossRefPubMed

Newsom-Davis J, Murray NM (1984) Plasma exchange and immunosuppressive drug treatment in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 34(4):480–485CrossRefPubMed

Newsom-Davis Palace J et al (1998) A randomized double-blind trial of prednisolone alone or with azathioprine in myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis study group. Neurology 50(6):1778–1783CrossRefPubMed

O`Neill JH et al (1988) The Lampert-Eaton myasthenia gravis syndrom: a review of 50 cases. Brain 111:577–596CrossRef

Oosterhuis JHJGH (1997) Myasthenia gravis. Neurological Press, Groningen

Owe JF, Daltveit AK, Gihus NE (2006) Causes of death among patients with myastenia gravis in Norway between 1951 and 2001. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77:203–207PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Rezaiguia-Delclaux S, Lefaucheur JP, Zakkouri M et al (2002) Severe acute polyneuropathy complicating orthotopic liver allograft failure. Transplantation 74:880–882CrossRefPubMed

Ried M, Potzger T et al (2013) Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermie intrathoracic chemotherapy perfusion for malignant pleural tumor; perioperative management and clinical experience. Eur J Cardiothorax Surg 43(4):801–807CrossRef

Rinaldi S, Brennan KM, Kalnar G, Walgaart C, van Doorn P, Jacobs BC, Yu RK, Mansson JE, Goodyear CS, Willison HJ (2013) Antibodies to heteromeric glycolipid complexes in Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. PLoS One 8:e82337PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Roberts A et al (1985) Paraneoplastic myasthenic syndrom. IgG inhibits 45Ca2+ flux in a human small cell carcinoma line. Nature 317(6039):737–739

Ropper AH (1986) Severe acute Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Neurology 36(3):429–432CrossRefPubMed

Schumm F, Stohr M (1984) Accessory nerve stimulation in the assessment of myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerv 7(2):147–151CrossRef

Sejvar JJ, Baugham AL, Wiso M, Morgem OV (2011) Population incidence of Guillain-Barre-Syndrom: a systematic literature review. Neuro Epidemiol 36(2):123–133 ((DMC free article) pubmed)

Sekiguchi Y, Uncini A, Yuki N, Misawa S, Notturno F, Nasu S, Kanai K, Noto Y, Fujimaki Y, Shibuya K, Ohmori S, Sato Y, Kuwabara S (2012) Antiganglioside antibodies are associated with axonal Guillain-Barre-Syndrom: a Jabanese-Italian callabortive study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83:23–28CrossRefPubMed

Seta T, Nagayama H et al (2005) Factors influencing outcome in Guillain-Barré-Syndrom: comparison of plasma adsorption against other treatment. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 107:491–496CrossRefPubMed

Seybold ME, Drachmann DB (1974) Gradually increasing doses of prednisone in myasthenia gravis. Reducing the hazards of treatment. N Engl J Med 290(2):81–84CrossRefPubMed

Sharma B, Paul M (2016) Guillain-Barré-Syndrom in 2016: the centenary advances. Int J Med Pub Health 6(3):111–112CrossRef

Shepard S, Betra A, Lerner DP (2017) Review of critical illness myopathy and neuropathy. Neurohospitalist 7(1):41–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/194184416663279CrossRef

Sklie GO, Apostolski S et al (2010) Guidelines for treatment of autoimmunneuromuscular transmission disorder. Eur J Neurol 17(7):893–902CrossRef

Slesak G, Melms A et al (1998) Late onset myasthenia gravis. Follow – up of 113 patients diagnosedafter age 60. Ann NY Acad Sci 841:777–780CrossRefPubMed

Sommer C, Koeppen S (2018) Immunvermittelte und erregerassoziierte Neuropathien. In Diener H-C, Gerloff C, Dieterich M (Hrsg) Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen. 7. A. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, S 1289–1294

Sommer N, Willcox N, Harcourt GC, Newsom-Davis J (1990) Myasthenic thymus and thymoma are selectively enriched in acetycholine receptor- reactiv T-cells. Ann Neurol 28:312–319CrossRefPubMed

Sommer C et al (2018) Therapie akuter und chronischer immunvermittelter Neuropathien und Neuritiden, S. 2e – Leitlinie. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (Hrsg) Leitline für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Online: www.dgn.org/leitlinien

Soysal A, Aysal F, Colishen B et al (2011) Clinico-electrophysiological findings and prognosis of Guillain-Barre-Syndrom – 10 years experience. Acta Neurol Scand 123(3):181–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1606-0404.2010.01366.xCrossRefPubMed

Streib EW, Rothner AD (1981) Eaton-Lambert myasthenic syndrom: a long-term treatment of three patients with prednisone. Ann Neurol 10(5):448–453CrossRefPubMed

Thomas CE, Mayer SA et al (1997) Mysthenic crisis: clinical features, mortality, complications and risk-factors for prolonged intubations. Neurology 48:1253–1260CrossRefPubMed

Titularer M, Maddison JP (2011) Clinical Dutch-English Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia gravis (LEMS) tumor association prediction score accurately predicts small-cell lung cancer in the LEMS. J Clin Oncol 29(7):902–908CrossRef

Toyka Ku et al (1994) Myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton syndrom. Neuro Critical Care. H.W. eal Berlin, S 807–815

Van der Meche FC, von Dorm PA, Meulstee J, Jennekens FGI (2001) For the GBS – consensus group of the Dutch: neuro-muscular research support centre. Diagnostic and classification criteria for the Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Eur Neurol 45:133–139CrossRefPubMed

Van der Schaaf M, Beelen A, De Vos R (2004) Functional outcome in patients with critical illness polyneuropathy. Disabil Rehabil 26:1189–1197CrossRefPubMed

Van den Berg B, Storm EF, Ganssen MJP et al (2018) Clinical outcome of Guillain-Barre-Syndrom after prolonged mechanical ventilation. J Neurol Neurosurg 89(9):949–954. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-317968 (Epub 2018-09-25)CrossRef

Van Doorn PA, Ruts L et al (2008) Clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment of Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Lancet Neurol 7(10):939–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70215-1CrossRefPubMed

Von Doorn PA, Ruts I, Jacobs BC (2008) Clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment of Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Lancet Neurol 7:939–950CrossRefPubMed

Von den Berge G, Schonheydt K, Bruyninckx F, Wouter PJ (2005) Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients. Neurology 64(8):1348–1353 (PubMed)CrossRef

Von Schneider-Gold C et al (2018) Myasthenia gravis und myasthene Syndrome aus Diener H-C (Hrsg) Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen 7A. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, S 1384–1412

Vincent A, Palace J et al (2001) Myasthenia gravis. Lancet 357(9274):2122–2128CrossRefPubMed

Walgaard C, Lingsma HF et al (2010) Prediction of respiratory insufficiency in Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Ann Neurol 67:781–787PubMed

Walgaard C, Lingsma HF et al (2011) Early recognition of poor prognosis in Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Neurology 76(11):968–975PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Walgaard C, Lingsma HF et al (2017) Tracheostomy or not: prediction of prolonged mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Neuro Care 26:6–13CrossRef

Walker MB (1935) Case showing the effect of Prostigmin on myasthenia gravis. Proc R Soc Med 28(6):759–761PubMedCentralPubMed

Wiendl H (2017) Diagnostik und Therapie der Myasthenia gravis und des Lambert-Eaton Syndroms, DGN

Wirtz PW, Bradshaw J et al (2004) Associated autoimmune diseases in patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrom and their families. J Neurol 251(10):1255–1259CrossRefPubMed

Wijdieks EF, Klein CJ (2017) Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Mayo Clin Proc 92:467–479CrossRef

Witt NJ, Zochodne DW, Bolton CF, Grand Maison F, Wells G, Young GB, Sibbald WJ (1991) Peripheral nerve function in sepsis and multiple organ failure. Chest 99:176–184CrossRefPubMed

Willison HJ, Jacobs BC et al (2016) Guillain-Barré-Syndrom. Lancet 388:717–727CrossRefPubMed

Winer JB (2014) An update in Guillain-Barre-Syndrom. Autoimmune Dis 2014 793024, published online 2014 Jan 6: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/793024 (pubmed)

Yoh JH, Chio HC (2000) Comparison between double filtration plasmapherese and immunoadsorption plasmapheresis in the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neurol 247(7):510–513CrossRef

Yuki N (2012) Review Guillain-Barre-Syndrom and anti-gangliosid antibodies: a clinician-scientist’s journey. Proc Acad Ser B 88:300. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.88.299CrossRef

Yuki N, Kuwabara S et al (1999) Acute motor axonal neuropathy and acute motor – sensory axonal neuropathy share a common immunological profile. J Neurol Sci 168:121–126CrossRefPubMed

Zhang HL, Zheng XY, Zhu J (2013) Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cytokines in Guillain-Barre-Syndrom and experimental autoimmune neuritis. Cytokine Groth Factor Rev 24:44

Zink W, Kollmar R, Schwab S (2009) Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in the intensive care unit. Nat Rev Neurol 5:372–379CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Beatmung bei neuromuskulären Erkrankungen
verfasst von: Martin Groß
Johannes Dorst
Kerstin Pelzer
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Neurologische Beatmungsmedizin
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-59013-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-59014-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59014-0_13

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Blutdrucksenkung schon im Rettungswagen bei akutem Schlaganfall?

31.05.2024 Apoplex Nachrichten

Der optimale Ansatz für die Blutdruckkontrolle bei Patientinnen und Patienten mit akutem Schlaganfall ist noch nicht gefunden. Ob sich eine frühzeitige Therapie der Hypertonie noch während des Transports in die Klinik lohnt, hat jetzt eine Studie aus China untersucht.

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

29.05.2024 Hyponatriämie Nachrichten

Eine ältere Frau trinkt regelmäßig Sennesblättertee gegen ihre Verstopfung. Der scheint plötzlich gut zu wirken. Auf Durchfall und Erbrechen folgt allerdings eine Hyponatriämie. Nach deren Korrektur kommt es plötzlich zu progredienten Kognitions- und Verhaltensstörungen.

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

28.05.2024 Häusliche Gewalt Nachrichten

In der Notaufnahme wird die Chance, Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt zu identifizieren, von Orthopäden und Orthopädinnen offenbar zu wenig genutzt. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie an der Sahlgrenska-Universität in Schweden hin.

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

hier abonnieren

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

13. Beatmung bei neuromuskulären Erkrankungen

Zusammenfassung

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Blutdrucksenkung schon im Rettungswagen bei akutem Schlaganfall?

Ähnliche Überlebensraten nach Reanimation während des Transports bzw. vor Ort

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

Update AINS

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Blutdrucksenkung schon im Rettungswagen bei akutem Schlaganfall?

Ähnliche Überlebensraten nach Reanimation während des Transports bzw. vor Ort

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

Update AINS