Background
Method
Study design and subjects
Sample size
Randomization and blinding
The intervention
Play facility and intervention nurses
Stimulation phases and activities
Outcomes and measurements
Developmental performance
Growth and nutritional status
Socio-demographic information
Follow-up information
Assessment procedure
Statistical analysis
Ethics
Results
Baseline characteristics of the control and the intervention groups
Child characteristics | N = 339 | Intervention | Control | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n, %) | 339 | 84 (49.7) | 72 (42.4) | 0.175 |
Birth order (born after second child) (n,%) | 337 | 90 (53.3) | 97 (57.7) | 0.589 |
Age, months | 339 | 27.5 [25.3, 29.7] | 27.3 [24.9, 29.7] | 0.908 |
HAZ baseline score | 337 | −3.7 [− 4.0, − 3.5] | −3.8 [−4.1, − 3.5] | 0.558 |
MUACZ baseline score | 332 | −3.1 [− 3.3, − 2.9] | −3.5 [− 3.8, − 3.2] | 0.014* |
WAZ baseline score | 338 | − 3.6 [− 3.8, − 3.4] | −3.9 [− 4.1, − 3.6] | 0.048* |
WHZ or BAZ baseline score | 337 | −2.3 [− 2.5, − 2.0] | −2.6 [− 2.9, − 2.3] | 0.128 |
Fine motor baseline score | 338 | 15.6 [14.9, 16.3] | 15.3 [14.5, 16.1] | 0.580 |
Gross motor baseline score | 339 | 16.2 [15.5, 17.0] | 16.3 [15.4, 17.1] | 0.998 |
Language baseline score | 339 | 16.6 [15.7, 17.6] | 17.1 [16.0, 18.2] | 0.546 |
Personal social baseline score | 339 | 14.2 [13.3, 15.0] | 14.0 [13.0,15.0] | 0.773 |
Social-emotional baseline score | 336 | 67.3 [62.5, 72.0] | 66.8 [62.2, 71.4] | 0.888 |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Age (≤30 years) (n, %) | 330 | 134 (81.2) | 130 (78.8) | 0.582 |
Education (illiterate) (n,%) | 338 | 135 (79.9) | 135 (79.9) | 0.100 |
Occupation (housewife) (n, %) | 331 | 129 (78.2) | 150 (90.4) | 0.002* |
Family characteristics | ||||
Family size (2–6 persons) (n, %) | 339 | 121 (71.6) | 121 (71.2) | 0.932 |
Socio-economic status (< 2.4 USD per day) (n, %) | 338 | 167 (98.8) | 166 (98.2) | 0.652 |
Address (rural or small village) (n, %) | 339 | 117 (69.2) | 143 (84.1) | 0.001* |
Baseline characteristics related to loss to follow-up
N (339) | Completers (n = 211) | Lost to follow-up (n = 128) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child characteristics | ||||
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Female (n, %) | 339 | 105 (49.8) | 51 (39.8) | 0.076 |
Birth order (born after second child) (n,%) | 337 | 113 (53.8) | 74 (58.3) | 0.258 |
Age, months | 339 | 26.7 [24.7, 28.7] | 28.5 [25.7, 31.3] | 0.303 |
Linear growth and nutritional status | ||||
HAZ baseline score | 337 | −3.7 [−4.0, − 3.5] | −3.8 [−4.2, − 3.5] | 0.641 |
MUACZ baseline score | 332 | −3.2 [− 3.4, − 3] | − 3.5 [− 3.8, − 3.2] | 0.110 |
WAZ baseline score | 338 | − 3.7 [− 3.9, − 3.5] | −3.8 [− 4.1, − 3.6] | 0.420 |
WHZ or BAZ baseline score | 337 | −2.4 [− 2.7, − 2.2] | −2.5 [− 2.8, − 2.1] | 0.893 |
Developmental status | ||||
Fine motor baseline score | 338 | 15.6 [14.9, 16.2] | 15.3 [14.4, 16.3] | 0.634 |
Gross motor baseline score | 339 | 16.3 [15.6, 17] | 16.2 [15.3, 17.1] | 0.906 |
Language baseline score | 339 | 16.4 [15.5,17.3] | 17.6 [16.3, 19] | 0.135 |
Personal social baseline score | 339 | 14 [13.1, 14.8] | 14.3 [13.2, 15.4] | 0.644 |
Social-emotional baseline score | 336 | 64 [59.8, 68.1] | 72.1 [66.7, 77.5] | 0.009* |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Age (≤ 30 years) (n, %) | 330 | 166 (79.4) | 98 (81) | 0.732 |
Education (Illiterate) (n,%) | 338 | 203 (96.6) | 123 (96.1) | 0.782 |
Occupation (housewife) (n, %) | 331 | 175 (84.5) | 104 (83.9) | 0.871 |
Family characteristics | ||||
Family size (2–6 persons) (n, %) | 339 | 158 (74.9) | 84 (65.6) | 0.068 |
Socio-economic status (< 2.4 USD per day a) (n, %) | 338 | 207 (98.6) | 126 (98.4) | 0.921 |
Address (rural or small village) (n, %) | 339 | 154 (73) | 106 (82.8) | 0.038* |
Developmental and nutritional outcomes of the study completers
Developmental outcomes | ||||||||||
Time | Fine motor | Gross motor | Language | Personal-social | Social-emotional | |||||
Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | ||||||
Cont. | Int. | Cont. | Int. | Cont. | Int. | Cont. | Int. | Cont. | Int. | |
Baselinea | 15.3 [5.1] | 15.8 [4.4] | 16.1 [5.5] | 16.5 [4.7] | 16.2 [6.9] | 16.6 [6.1] | 13.5 [6.6] | 14.4 [5.3] | 63.9 [31.5] | 64.1 [30] |
p-value d | p = 0.200 | p = 0.301 | p = 0.360 | p = 0.141 | p = 0.483 | |||||
Dischargeb | 15.7 [4.6] | 16.8 [4.3] | 16.1 [5.6] | 17.7 [4.9] | 16.4 [6.9] | 17.3 [6.6] | 13.8 [6.1] | 15 [5.6] | 48.6 [27.3] | 50.1 [29.2] |
p-valued | p = 0.046 | p = 0.020 | p = 0.177 | p = 0.082 | p = 0.361 | |||||
End-linec | 17.9 [4.1] | 19.3 [3.3] | 20.4 [5.8] | 21.1 [5.3] | 20.1 [7.4] | 21.0 [6.9] | 16.9 [5.1] | 17.7 [4.4] | 50.1 [28.9] | 48.3 [22.8] |
p-value d | p = 0.003 | p = 0.210 | p = 0.186 | p = 0.110 | p = 0.695 | |||||
Overall mean | 16.3 [4.8] | 17.3 [4.3] | 17.6 [6.0] | 18.4 [5.3] | 17.7 [7.3] | 18.3 [6.8] | 14.8 [6.1] | 15.7 [5.3] | 54.5 [30.1] | 54.2 [28.3] |
Linear growth and nutritional outcomes | ||||||||||
HAZ | MUACZ | WAZ | WHZ or BAZ | |||||||
Cont. | Int. | Cont. | Int. | Cont. | Int. | Cont. | Int. | |||
Baselinea | −3.8 [1.9] | −3.7 [1.8] | −3.4 [1.8] | −3.0 [1.7] | −3.9 [1.5] | −3.5 [1.4] | −2.6 [1.8] | −2.3 [1.7] | ||
p-valued | 0.202 | 0.042 | 0.054 | 0.069 | ||||||
Dischargeb | −3.9 [1.9] | −3.7 [1.6] | − 3.2 [1.6] | −2.7 [1.4] | − 3.8 [1.4] | − 3.3 [1.3] | −2.0 [1.7] | −1.8 [1.4] | ||
p-valued | 0.267 | 0.009 | 0.123 | 0.222 | ||||||
End-linec | −3.7 [1.6] | −3.5 [1.4] | −1.2 [1.4] | −1.0 [1.4] | −2.5 [1.5] | −2.6 [2.2] | −0.5 [1.3] | − 0.6 [1.4] | ||
p-value d | 0.199 | 0.154 | 0.596 | 0.644 | ||||||
Overall mean | −3.8 [1.8] | −3.6 [1.6 | −2.6 [1.9] | −2.3 [1.7] | − 3.3 [1.6] | −3.2 [1.7] | −1.7 [1.8] | −1.6 [1.7] |
Adherence to study protocol for the intervention group
Effect of psychomotor-psychosocial stimulation on development, linear growth and nutritional status of SAM children
Developmental outcomes | |||||||||
Outcomes | Increase from baseline to discharge b | Increase from discharge to end-line b | Increase from baseline to end-line c | ||||||
Control group | Intervention effect | Effect size | Control group | Intervention effect | Effect size | Control group | Intervention effect | Effect size | |
Fine Motor | 0.73‡ [0.28, 1.16] p < 0.001 | 0.31‡ [− 0.29, 0.94] p = 0.299 | 0.07 | 1.73‡ [1.1, 2.4] p < 0.001 | 0.85‡ [0.1, 1.6] p = 0.023 | 0.15† | 2.50† [1.9, 3.1] p = 0.001 0.38¥ [0.28, 0.47] p < 0.001 | 1.09† [0.5, 1.7] p = 0.001 0.13¥ [0.01, 0.24] p = 0.033 | 0.22 Ÿ |
Gross Motor | 0.36 ‡ [0.01, 0.7] p = 0.044 0.40† [0.07, 0.74] p = 0.019 | 0.98‡ [0.5, 1.5] p = 0.001 0.88† [0.40, 1.37] p < 0.001 | 0.26 | 3.9‡ [3.3, 4.5] p < 0.001 | −0.6‡ [−1.5, 0.3] p = 0.222 | − 0.20 | 4.3‡ [3.6, 4.9] p < 0.001 0.63¥ [0.54, 0.73] p < 0.001 | 0.4‡ [− 0.50, 1.3] p = 0.376–0.004¥ [− 0.14, 0.13] p = 0.948 | 0.06 |
Language | 0.5‡ [0.1, 1.0] p = 0.022 | 0.01 [− 0.7, 0.7] p = 0.966 | 0.45 | 3.3 ‡ [2.5, 4.0] p < 0.001 | 0.5‡ [− 0.5, 1.5] p = 0.326 | 0.07 | 3.8‡ [3.0, 4.5] p < 0.001 0.55¥ [0.44, 66] p < 0.001 | 0.5‡ [− 0.5, 1.5] p = 0.329 0.07¥ [− 0.07, 0.21] p = 0.341 | 0.07 |
Personal Social | 0.7 ‡ [0.3, 1.0] p = 0.001 | −0.06‡ [− 0.6, 0.4] p = 0.812 | −0.02 | 2.6‡ [2.0, 3.2] p < 0.001 | 0.12‡ [−0.7, 0.9] p = 0.762 | − 0.03 | 3.2 ‡ [2.6, 3.8] p < 0.001 0.46¥ [0.37, 0.55] p < 0.001 | 0.06‡ [− 0.7, 0.8] p = 0.865 0.01¥ [− 0.11, 0.13] p = 0.887 | 0.011 |
Social-emotional Behavior | −12.8‡ [− 17.0, −8.5] p = 0.001 | 1.7‡ [−4.3, 7.7] p = 0.583 | 0.04 | −1.8‡ [−7.6, 3.9] p = 0.256 | − 4.3‡ [− 12.4, 3.8] p = 0.295 | − 0.09 | − 14.6‡ [− 20, −9.0] p < 0.001 1.78¥ [− 2.63, − 0.94] p < 0.001 | −2.64‡ [− 9.2, 3.9] p = 0.426–0.36¥ [− 1.50, 0.78] p = 0.541 | −0.09 |
Linear growth and nutritional outcomes | |||||||||
Outcomes | Increase from baseline to discharge b | Increase from discharge to end-line b | Increase from baseline to end-line c | ||||||
Control group | Intervention effect | Effect size | Control group | Intervention effect | Effect size | Control group | Intervention effect | Effect size | |
HAZ | −0.05 ‡ [− 0.2, 0.1] p = 0.419 | − 0.05‡ [− 0.1, 0.1] p = 0.633 | −0.03 | 0.2‡ [0.01,0.4] p = 0.039 | 0.03‡ [−0.2, 0.3] p = 0.790 | 0.03 | 0.2 ‡ [−0.1,0.4] p = 0.138 0.03¥ [− 0.01, 0.07 p = 0.104 | −0.004‡ [− 0.3, 0.3] p = 0.978–0.01¥ [− 0.05, 0.04] p = 0.753 | −0.002 |
MUACZ | 0.3‡ [0.1, 0.4] p = 0.002 0.34† [0.24, 0.44] p < 0.001 | 0.2‡ [− 0.04, 0.35] P = 0.123 0.15‡ [− 0.04, 0.35] p = 0.123 | 0.12 | 1.9‡ [1.6, 2.2] p < 0.001 | − 0.2‡ [− 0.5,0.2] p = 0.430 | 0.00 | 2.1‡ [1.8, 2.4] p < 0.001 0.34¥ [0.29, 0.39] p < 0.001 | 0.002‡ [− 0.4, 0.4] p = 0.999–0.02¥ [− 0.09, 0.05] p = 0.596 | - < 0.001 |
WAZ | 0.2‡ [0.03, 0.30] p = 0.022 | 0.1‡ [− 0.1, 0.3] p = 0.260 | 0.08 | 1.1‡ [0.9, 1.3] p < 0.001 | − 0.3‡ [− 0.7,0.1] p = 0.155 | −0.20 | 1.3‡ [1.0, 1.5] p = 0.001 1.30.19¥ [0.15, 0.23] p < 0.001 | − 0.2‡ [− 0.7, 0.2] p = 0.372–0.06¥ [− 0.13, 0.01] p = 0.112 | −0.02 |
WHZ or BAZ | 0.5‡ [0.2, 0.8] p < 0.001 | 0.04‡ [−0.2, 0.3] p = 0.791 | 0.02 | 1.5‡ [1.1, 1.8] p < 0.001 | −0.2‡ [− 0.6, 0.2] p = 0.321 | − 0.04 | 2.0‡ [1.7, 2.3] p < 0.001 0.29¥ [0.24, 0.34] p < 0.001 | −0.2‡ [− 0.5, 0.2] p = 0.352–0.06¥ [− 0.123, 001] p = 0.054 | −0.06 |
Moderation effects of baseline scores on treatment outcomes
Explanatory variables | Developmental outcomes | ||||||
FM | GM | LA | PS | SE | |||
β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | |||
Group b | 0.099 h [− 0.18, 0.38] p = 484 | 0.37 h [0.09, 0.65] p = 0.010 | − 0.17 g [− 0.55, 0.21] p = 0.377 | 0.11 g [− 0.39, 0.16] p = 0.419 | − 0.22 g [− 3.55, 3,11] p = 0.898 | ||
Time c | Linear term | 1.10 h [0.91, 1.21] p < 0.001 | 1.10 h [0.93, 1.24] p < 0.001 | 0.81 h [0.68, 00.95] p < 0.001 | 1.46 h [1.12, 1.80] p < 0.001 | −4.30 g [− 10.11, 1.57] p = 0.151 | |
Quadratic term | −0.05 g [− 0.13, 0.02] p = 0.151 | 0.04 g [− 0.05, 0.12] p = 0.330 | − 0.03 g [− 0.13, 0.06] p = 0.480 | −0.06 g [− 0.10, − 0.01] p = 0.019 | 0.39 h [0.24, 0.54] p < 0.001 | ||
Baseline data | MUACZ | 0.15 h [0.07, 0.24] p < 0.001 | 0.07 g [−0.02, 0.16] p = 0.127 | – | 0.13 h [0.06, 0.20] p < 0.001 | −0.45 g [− 1.30, 0.41] p = 0.310 | |
WAZ | – | – | 0.20 h [0.09, 0.31] p < 0.001 | – | – | ||
Development | 0.76 h [0.71, 0.81] p < 0.001 | 0.93 h [0.88, 0.98] p < 0.001 | 0.81 h [0.76,0.86] p < 0.001 | 0.87 h [0.83, 0.92] p < 0.001 | 0.86 h [0. 81, 0. 91] p < 0.001 | ||
Age | 0.06 h [0.04, 0.08] p < 0.001 | 0.03 h [0.01, 0.04] p < 0.001 | 0.08 h [0.05, 0.10] p < 0.001 | 0.04 h [0.02, 0.06] p < 0.001 | 0.13 h [0.04, 0.23] p = 0.008 | ||
Interactions of Time c with | Baseline development | −0.06 h [− 0.07, − 0.04] p < 0.001 | − 0.06 h [− 0.07, − 0.04] p < 0.001 | −0.06 h [− 0.08, − 0.05] p < 0.001 | −0.07 h [− 0.08, − 0.06] p < 0.001 | −0.08 h [− 0.09, − 0.06] p < 0.001 | |
Baseline Age | 0.01 h [0.001, 0.012] p = 0.018 | 0.02 h [0.01, 0.022] p < 0.001 | 0.03 h [0.02, 0.04] p < 0.001 | 0.014 h [0.001, 0.02] p = 0.001 | 0.04 [0.01, 0.06] p = 0.010 | ||
Interactions of Group with | Time c (Linear) | 0.15 g [0.07, 0.22] p < 0.001 | 0.41 g [− 0.44, 1.27] p = 0.344 | 0.02 g [− 0.92, 0. 96] p = 0.971 | − 0.06 g [− 0.72, 0.59] p = 0.850 | 1.63 g [−6.73, 9,98] p = 0.703 | |
Interaction of Sex f with Time (Linear) | Control female | − 0.02 g [− 0.13, 0.08] p = 0.657 | −0.07 g [− 0.20, − 0.06] p = 0.302 | −0.08 g [− 0.21, 0.05] p = 0.240 | −0.004 g [− 0.1, 0.09] p = 0.940 | 0.29 g [− 0.92, 0.50] p = 0.638 | |
Intervention Female | 0.01 g [− 0.09, 0.11] p = 0.827 | − 0.02 g [− 0.14, − 1.00] p = 0.742 | 0.04 g [− 0.08, 0.17] p = 0.525 | −0.08 g [− 0.17, 0.01] p = 0.086 | −0.47 g [− 1.60, 0.67] p = 0.421 | ||
Interaction of Baseline development with Time (Linear) | 0.02 g [−0.01, 0.04] p = 0.206 | − 0.02 g [− 0.05, 0.003] p = 0.086 | 0.004 g [− 0.02, 0.03] p = 0.765 | −0.02 g [− 0.04, 0.004] p = 0.102 | −0.02 g [− 0.04, 0.01] p = 0.236 | ||
Interaction of Baseline Age with Time (Linear) | −0.005g [− 0.01, 0.004] p = 0.253 | 0.01 g [− 0.004, 0.01] p = 0.278 | 0.001 g [− 0.01, 0.01] p = 0.889 | 0.01 g [− 0.001, 0.02] p = 0.072 | −0.01 g [− 0.07, 0.06] p = 0.861 | ||
Linear growth d and nutritional e outcomes | |||||||
Explanatory variables | HAZ | MUACZ | WAZ | WHZ/BAZ | |||
Group b | −0.26 g [− 0.57, 0.06] p = 0.101 p = 0.113 | 0.07 g [− 0.12, 0.26] p = 0.461 | −0.215 g [− 0.05, 0.47] p = 0.119 | 0.22 g [− 0.13, 0.58] p = 0.214 | |||
Time c | Linear term | − 0.09 h [− 0.11, − 0.07] p < 0.001 | 0.19 g [− 0.05, 0.44] p = 0.122 | 0.28 g [0.04, 0.53] p = 0.025 | 0.33 h [0.07, 0.59] p = 0.008 | ||
Quadratic term | 0.004 g [− 0.03, 0.02] p = 0.765 | −0.02 g [− 0.05, 0.02] p = 0.360 | −0.03 g [− 0.06, 0.001] p = 0.061 | −0.04 h [− 0.08, − 0.001] p = 0.045 | |||
Baseline data | HAZ | 0.85 h [0.81, 0.88] p < 0.001 | 0.004 g [− 0.02, 0.03] p = 0.727 | 0.07 h [0.01, 0.13] p = 0.024 | 0.02 g [− 0.10, 0.14] p = 0.733 | ||
MUACZ | – | 0.92 h [0.88, 0.96] p < 0.001 | – | – | |||
WAZ | 0.13 h [0.08, 0.17] p < 0.001 | 0.08 h [0.04, 0.13] p = 0.001 | 0.85 h [0.79, 0.90] p < 0.001 | 0.004 g [− 0.22, 0.21] p = 0.972 | |||
WHZ or BAZ | – | – | – | 0.82 g [0.75, 0.88] p < 0.001 | |||
Age | −0.005 g [− 0.01, − 0.001] p = 0.011 | −0.001 g [− 0.003, 0.003] p = 0.949 | 0.002 g [− 0.001, 0.004] p = 0.219 | 0.01 h [0.001, 0.010] p = 0.012 | |||
Interactions of Time c with | Baseline HAZ | −0.033 h [− 0.038, − 0.028] p < 0.001 | 0.01 g [− 0.01, 0.04] p = 0.202 | 0.01 g [− 0.01, 0.04] p = 0.265 | 0.005 g [− 0.03, 0.04] p = 0.782 | ||
Baseline MUACZ | – | − 0.09 h [− 0.10, − 0.08] p < 0.001 | – | – | |||
Baseline WAZ | 0.01 g [− 0.04, 0.05] p = 0.800 | − 0.01 g [− 0.04, 0.02] p = 0.556 | − 0.042 h [− 0.05,-0.036] p < 0.001 | 0.02g [− 0.04, − 0.07] p = 0.510 | |||
Baseline WHZ or BAZ | – | – | – | − 0.09 h [− 0.11, − 0.07] p < 0.001 | |||
Baseline Age | 0.001 g [− 0.002, 0.004] p = 0.547 | −0.001 g [− 0.004, 0.002] p = 0.589 | −0.001 g [− 0.003, 0.001] p = 0.328 | 0.0002 g [− 0.003, 0.002] p = 0.824 | |||
Interactions of Group with, | Interaction between Time c and baseline HAZ | 0.02 g [− 0.01, 0.05] p = 0.260 | – | – | – | ||
Interaction between Time and baseline MUACZ | – | −0.01g [− 0.005, 0.05] p = 0.879 | – | – | |||
Interaction between Time and baseline WAZ | – | – | −0.001g [− 0.05, 0.05] p = 0.970 | – | |||
Interaction between Time and baseline WHZ or BAZ | – | – | – | 0.02 h [0.01, 0.04] p = 0.012 | |||
Interaction between Time and sex | Female control | −0,02 g [− 0.08, 0.05] p = 0.594 | −0.04 g [− 0.12, 0.05] p = 0.408 | −0.05 g [− 0.12, 0.02] p = 0.136 | −0.03 g [− 0.12, 0.06] p = 0.514 | ||
Female Intervention | −0.004 g [− 0.05, 0.04] p = 0.868 | −0.06 g [− 0.12, 0.01] p = 0.102 | −0.05 g [− 0.17, 0.06] p = 0.389 | −0.01 g [− 0.08, 0.06] p = 0.819 |
Factors affecting performance of the intervention children
Explanatory variables | Developmental outcomes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | GM | LA | PS | SE | ||
β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | Β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | ||
Duration of follow up (days in study) | 0.45 [0.39, 0.52] p < 0.001 | 0.57 [0.47, 0.68] p < 0.001 | 0.62 [0.52, 0.72] p < 0.001 | 0.49 [0.41, 0.56] p < 0.001 | −1.7 [− 2.58, − 0.75] p < 0.001 | |
Number of stimulation sessions in hospital b | 0.07[− 0.07, .22] p = 0.329 | 0.07 [− 0.1,0.2] p = 0.415 | 0.08 [− 0.3, 0.5] p = 0.691 | 0.06 [−0.1, 0.2] p = 0.530 | 0.97 [0.07, 0.19] p = 0.034 | |
Two or more c stimulation sessions at home | −0.2 [− 0.7, 0.3] p = 0.432 | −0.001[− 0.6, 0.6] p = 0.998 | −0.7 [− 1.9, 0.5] p = 0.249 | −0.2 [− 0.7, 0.4] p = 0.571 | − 3.3 [− 9.6, 2.95] p = 0.301 | |
How often d the intervention SAM child received RUTF from a nearby health center | Always | −0.5 [− 1.1, 0.3] p = 0.234 | −0.93 [− 1.78, − 0.09] p = 0.031 | 0.1 [− 1.1, 1.4] p = 0.842 | − 0.1 [− 0.7, 0.5] p = 0.714 | − 0.8 [− 6.9, 5.2] p = 0.789 |
Sometimes | − 0.2 [−1.1, 0.7] p = 0.727 | − 0.6 [− 1.3, 0.1] p = 0.112 | 1.41 [0.12, 2.70] p = 0.032 | − 0.4 [− 1.1, 0.3] p = 0.281 | 1.3 [− 7.1, 9.6] p = 0.767 | |
Whether or not the intervention SAM child was sick after discharge from hospital e | 0.09 [− 0.5, 0.7] p = 0.781 | 0.2 [− 0.5, 0.9] p = 0.520 | − 1.11 [− 2.10, − 0.15] p = 0.024 | 0.51 [0.01, 1.01] p = 0.047 | − 3.3 [− 9.6, 2.9] p = 0.297 | |
Whether or not the intervention SAM child was getting home-prepared special food during the home follow-up | −0.2 [− 1.0, 0.5] p = 0.552 | 0.6 [− 0.05, 1.2] p = 0.071 | −0.5 [− 1.6, 0.6] p = 0.414 | −0.1[[− 0.5, 0.4] p = 0.789 | − 3.4 [− 9.2, 2.4] p = 0.255 | |
Social-emotional scores of the child during the follow-up | −0.02* [− 0.03, − 0.003] p = 0.016 | −0.01 [− 0.03, 0.001] p = 0.068 | −0.01 [− 0.03, 0.02] p = 0.543 | −0.003 [− 0.01, 0.01] p = 0.544 | – |