Introduction
Objectives
Methods
Protocol and registration
Eligibility criteria
Study design
Participants
Intervention
Comparator
Outcomes
Setting
Search strategy
Data management
Risk of bias in included systematic reviews
Risk of bias across systematic reviews
Results
Summary of included systematic reviews
Author, Date | Research objectives / questions | Population | Intervention | Comparison | Outcomes | Quality of evidence of primary studies as reported by authors | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary and secondary | Harmful specified | ||||||
Brindle 2006 [16] | The impact of assessing CVD risk (in the primary prevention of CVD) on clinical outcomes | Any age, free from symptomatic CVD. Patients with diabetes, raised risk factors or preventive treatment eligible | Use of a cardiovascular risk score by healthcare professional | Usual care with appropriate treatment and lifestyle recommendations | (1) CVD or CHD fatal or non-fatal events, (2) risk factor levels, (3) absolute CVD/CHD risk, (4) the prescription of drugs, (5) changes in health-related behaviour. | No | Unclear |
Sheridan 2008 [17] | Whether knowledge of a global CHD risk scores translate into clinical benefits and whether there are any harms | Adults (> 18 years old) with no prior history of CVD | Providing physicians with global CVD risk scores or allowing them to calculate it themselves | No information about global CVD risk | (1) Improved physicians’ adherence to guidelines, (2) increased appropriate prescribing, (3) increased patient acceptance/ adherence to therapies, (4) improved control of CVD risk factors, (5) a reduction in CVD events. | Any adverse physical or psychosocial outcome | 6 fair, 5 methodo-logically limited studies |
Sheridan 2010 [18] | The effect of providing global CHD risk information to adults | Adults with no history of CVD | Global CHD risk presentation to the patient as the primary intervention or part of a multipart intervention | Not specified | (1) Accuracy of risk perception, (2) intent to start treatment, (3) adherence to therapy, (4) change in predicted global risk or event rates, (5) changes in patient BP, cholesterol levels, aspirin use, smoking cessation, diet or exercise. | No | 6 good, 12 - fair quality studies |
Waldron 2011 [35] | The effectiveness of different interventions used to communicate CVD risk and the impact of the formats used | Adults (> 18 years old), primary or secondary care | Risk communication interventions (of any format) for individualised cardiovascular risk assessment | Other interventions, or usual care. | Understanding, affect, intention to modify behaviour and reduction in actual risk | No | 2 – good, 2 medium quality studies |
van Dieren 2012 [36] | Impact assessment of a CVD risk model, scores or rules, applied to patients with type 2 diabetes. (Also models development and validation studies) | People with type 2 diabetes and general population but included diabetes as a predictor | Risk assessment and format of its communication | Not specified | Not specified | No | Not reported |
Willis 2012 [19] | The effectiveness of the use of CVD risk scores when combined with lifestyle interventions in the prevention of CVD | High risk patients, aged ≥40 and free from CVD | CVD risk assessment using validated risk scores followed by multifactorial interventions | Not specified | (1) CVD mortality, (2) incidence of CV events, (3) changes in a validated CVD risk score. | No | 3 high, 1 moderate, 1 low quality study |
Usher-Smith 2015 [37] | Whether the provision of information on CVD risk impacts decision-making, behaviour and patient health | Patients with no history of CVD | Provision of a CVD risk model estimate to either patients or practitioners | Other interventions, such as lifestyle advice or exercise programmes | Risk perception; changes in: health-related behaviour, BP, cholesterol levels, modelled cardiovascular risk, medication prescribing, anxiety and psychological well-being, contact with healthcare professionals after provision of risk information | No | 5 low; 1 low-medium; 7 medium; 3 medium-high; 1 high quality study |
Tomasik 2017 [38] | The effects of global CVD risk estimation using the SCORE for preventing serious CVD events | Adults 40–65 years old; without CVD, diabetes or CKD; specific risk factors may have been presented; no preventive pharmacotherapy | CVD risk assessment using the SCORE model | Standard care, without total risk assessment | (1) Cardiovascular death, (2) All-cause mortality, (3) Atherosclerotic major events. | Any discomfort reported by patients; a decrease in the quality of life; adverse physical, psychological or social outcomes | – |
Karmali 2017 [39] | The effects of evaluating and providing CVD risk scores on CVD outcomes, risk factor levels, medication prescribing, and health behaviours | Adults (≥18 years) in outpatient settings free of clinical CVD. Patients with diabetes, elevated risk factors, preventive medications eligible | Systematic provision of a CVD risk score by a clinician, healthcare professional, or healthcare system | Usual care (i.e. no systematic provision of a CVD risk score) | Primary: CVD events; changes in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, systolic BP, diastolic BP, multivariable CVD risk. Secondary: preventive medication; medication adherence; smoking cessation; exercise; diet; decisional conflict; quality of life; costs. | Primary study investigator-defined adverse events e.g. physical or psychosocial events | overall low quality; 38 out of 41studies had high or unclear risk of bias |
Collins 2017 [40] | Impact of global cardiovascular risk assessment in the primary prevention | Adults with no history of CVD | Interventions involving global CVD risk assessment | No formal risk assessment | Primary: CVD-related morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality; Secondary: SBP, cholesterol level, quitting smoking | No | 1 low, 6 fair, 3 medium, 2 medium to high, 1 high, 3 good quality studies |
Biases in included systematic reviews and across systematic reviews
Effects of interventions
Primary outcomes
SRs | CVD death | Fatal and non-fatal CVD event | Adverse events | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
physical
|
psychological
|
social
| |||
Brindle 2006 [16] | – | – | – | – | – |
Sheridan 2008 [17] | – | – | – | Psychological symptoms after labelling: Mixed: 1 study; No difference: 4 studies | – |
Sheridan 2010 [18] | – | – | – | – | – |
Waldron 2011 [35] | – | – | – | – | – |
van Dieren 2012 [36] | – | – | – | – | – |
Willis 2012 [19] | Reduction: 1 study (CVD deaths −4,7%, statistical significance not reported) No difference: 1 study (CHD deaths −7,4%, p > 0.05) | – | – | – | – |
Usher-Smith 2015 [37] | – | – | – | Psychological well-being: No difference: 3 studies Psychological well-being in high CVD risk group: Improvement: 1 study Anxiety: No difference: 2 studies Anxiety in high CVD risk group: Reduction: 1 study Worry about future risk of heart attacks: No difference:1 study | – |
Tomasik 2017 [38] | – | – | – | – | – |
Karmali 2017 [39] | – | No difference: MA, 3 studies (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.08; I2 = 25%) | Adverse events defined by authors:a No difference: MA, 4 studies (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.04; I2 = 0%) | Anxiety: No difference: MA, 2 studies (SMD − 0,07, 95% CI -0,27 to 0,13; I2 = 0%); 1 study Psychological distress: No difference: 1 study | |
Health-related quality of lifeb: No difference: 1 study | |||||
Collins 2017 [40] | – | – | – | – | – |
Secondary outcomes
SR | Global CVD risk | CVD risk factors | Lifestyle | Other | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BP | TC | LDL-C | Obesity | Smoking | Exercise | Diet | Alcohol | |||
Brindle 2006 [16] | No difference: 1 study | Reduction: 1 study; No difference: 2 studies | No difference: 1 study | – | – | – | – | – | – | Referral to dietician: No difference: 1 study |
Sheridan 2008 [17] | Reduction: 1 study | Reduction: 1 study; No difference: 1 study | Reduction: 1 study | Reduction: 1 study | No difference: 1 study | No difference: 2 studies | Increase: 1 study | – | – | Referral to dietician: No difference: 1 study |
Sheridan 2010 [18] | Reduction: 4 studies; No difference: 5 studies | Reduction: 5 studies; No difference: 3 studies | Reduction: 3 studies; Increase: 1 study | Reduction: 2 studies; No difference: 1 study | – | Reduction: 1 studies; No difference: 5 studies | Increase: 1 study; Mixed: 4 studies | No difference: 3 studies | – | |
Waldron 2011 [35] | – | – | Reduction: 1 study | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
van Dieren 2012 [36] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Willis 2012 [19] | Reduction: 1 study | Reduction: 1 study; No difference: 4 studies | Reduction: 3 studies; No difference: 2 studies | – | – | Reduction: 1 study | – | – | – | – |
Usher-Smith 2015 [37] | Reduction: MA, 4 studies (−0,39 MD; 95% CI -0.71 to − 0.07; I2 = 62,9%), High CVD risk: No difference: 1 study | SBP: No difference: MA, 4 studies (− 0,82 mmHg; 95% CI -2.70 to 1.05; I2 = 27,4%) No difference: 1 study SBP, high risk: Reduction: MA, 2 studies (−4,82 mmHg; 95% CI -9.38 to − 0.26) DBP: No difference: MA, 3 studies (− 0,48 mmHg, 95% CI -1.41 to 0.44, I2 = 0%) DBP, high risk: No difference: 1 study (−1,9 mmHg, NS) | No difference: MA, 4 studies (− 0,11 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.23 to 0.01; I2 = 69,9%); No difference: 1 study; Reduction: 1 study | No difference: 2 studies | No difference: 4 studies | No difference: 2 studies | No difference: 3 studies | No difference: 2 studies | HDL-C and TC to HDL-C ratio: No difference: 1 study TG: No difference: 1 study Reach lipids targets: Increase: 1 study Glycaemia: No difference: 1 study Accurate risk perception: Increase: 3 studies; No difference: 2 studies Healthcare usage: Mixed: 2 studies | |
Tomasik 2017 [38] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Karmali 2017 [39] | Reduction: MA, 9 studies (slightly reduced SMD − 0,21; 95% CI -0.39 to − 0.02; I2 = 94%); No difference: 4 studies; Reduction: 1 study | SBP: Reduction: MA, 16 studies (MD − 2,77 mmHg; 95% CI -4.16 to − 1.38; I2 = 93%); No difference: 2 studies DBP: Reduction: MA, 14 studies (MD − 1,12 mmHg; 95% CI -2.11 to − 0.13; I2 = 94%); No difference: 2 studies | Reduction: MA, 12 studies (MD −0,10 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.20 to 0.00; I2 = 94%) | No diference: MA,10 studies (MD − 0,03 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.10 to 0.04; I2 = 84%) | – | Reduction: MA,7 studies (RR 1,38; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.69; I2 = 0%); Reduction: 5 studies; No difference: 4 studies | No difference: MA, 2 studies (RR 0,98; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.06; I2 = 0%); No difference: 3 studies; Increase: 3 studies | No difference: 4 studies; Increase: 2 studies | – | Decisional conflict: Reduction MA, 4 studies (SMD-0,29; 95% CI -0,57 to − 0,01; I2 = 79%) Costs: Reduction in cost of lipid-lowering medications prescribed to low-risk individuals: 1 study |
Collins 2017 [40] | – | SBP: Reduction: MA, 9 studies (MD − 2,22 mmHg; 95% CI -3.49 to − 0.95; I2 = 66%); Reduction: 2 studies; No difference: 1 study | Reduction (MA, 5 studies (MD − 0,11 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.20 to − 0.02; I2 = 72%); Reduction: 2 studies | Reduction (MA, 4 studies (MD − 0,15 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.26 to − 0.05; I2 = 47%); No difference: 1 study | – | Reduction: MA,7 studies (1,62 RR of quitting; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.43; I2 = 17%); Reduction: 1 study; No difference: 1 study | – | – | – | – |
SR | According to guidelines | Against guidelines | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aspirin | Antihypertensive | lipid-lowering | antidiabetic | ||
Brindle 2006 [16] | All CVD risk groups: No difference: 1 study High CVD risk group: Increase: 1 study | All CVD risk groups: No difference: 1 study High CVD risk group: Increase: 1 study | No difference: 1 study | – | |
Sheridan 2008 [17] | All CVD risk groups: No difference: 1 study High CVD risk group: Increase: 1 study | All CVD risk groups: No difference: 2 studies High CVD risk group: Increase: 1 study; No difference: 1 study | All CVD risk groups: No difference: 1 study High CVD risk group: No difference: 1 study | – | |
Sheridan 2010 [18] | – | – | No difference: 1 | – | – |
Waldron 2011 [35] | – | – | – | – | – |
van Dieren 2012 [36] | – | Increase: 2 studies; No difference: 1 study | Increase: 2 studies; No difference: 1 study | No difference: 1 study | – |
Willis 2012 [19] | – | – | – | – | – |
Usher-Smith 2015 [37] | – | All CVD risk groups: No difference: 3 studies; High CVD risk group: Increase: 1 study | All CVD risk groups: No difference: MA, 4 studies (RR 1,35, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.90, I2 = 0%) High CVD risk group: Increase: MA, 3 studies (RR 1,83, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.98) | All CVD risk groups: No difference: 3 studies; High CVD risk group: No difference: 2 studies | – |
Tomasik 2017 [38] | – | – | – | – | |
Karmali 2017 [39] | Increase: MA, 3 studies (RR 2,71; 95% CI 1.24 to 5.91; I2 = 0%); No difference: 2 studies | Increase: MA, 8 studies (RR 1,51, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.11, I2 = 53%); No difference: 3 studies | Increase: MA, 11 studies (RR 1,47, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.87, I2 = 40%); No difference: 4 studies | Low CVD risk group: Reduction: 1 study | |
Collins 2017 [40] | – | – | – | – | – |