Background
Conceptual framework
Methods
Study design and participants
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Diarrhoea | Acute respiratory illness | Fever | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
Burkina Faso (2010) | 11,826 (85%) | 2064 (15%) | 12,475 (90%) | 1425 (10%) | 11,012 (79%) | 2886 (21%) |
Cameroon (2011) | 8095 (78%) | 2243 (22%) | 6484 (63%) | 3865 (37%) | 7597 (73%) | 2778 (27%) |
Ghana (2014) | 4728 (88%) | 638 (12%) | 4627 (86%) | 752 (14%) | 4637 (86%) | 752 (14%) |
Kenya (2014) | 15,674 (85%) | 2844 (15%) | 11,735 (63%) | 6815 (37%) | 13,989 (75%) | 4562 (25%) |
Nigeria (2018) | 26,823 (87%) | 3950 (13%) | 26,213 (85%) | 4568 (15%) | 23,308 (76%) | 7466 (24%) |
South Africa (2016) | 2880 (89%) | 356 (11%) | 2424 (74%) | 847 (26%) | 2581 (79%) | 679 (21%) |
Diarrhoea | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unhealthier | Unhealthy | Healthy | Healthier | Healthiest | p- value | |
Burkina Faso (2010) | 275 (14%) | 526 (14%) | 477 (15%) | 419 (16%) | 276 (17%) | 0.0228 |
Cameroon (2011) | 722 (32%) | 511 (21%) | 452 (21%) | 265 (16%) | 296 (15%) | 0.0000 |
Ghana (2014) | 134 (13%) | 165 (16%) | 127 (11%) | 101 (11%) | 88 (9%) | 0.0000 |
Kenya (2014) | 703 (18%) | 682 (17%) | 499 (15%) | 452 (15%) | 504 (13%) | 0.0000 |
Nigeria (2018) | 1301 (18%) | 1051 (15%) | 678 (12%) | 552 (10%) | 387 (7%) | 0.0000 |
South Africa (2016) | 96 (13%) | 84 (14%) | 65 (10%) | 23 (8%) | 80 (9%) | 0.0001 |
Acute respiratory illness
| ||||||
Burkina Faso (2010) | 175 (9%) | 309 (8%) | 309 (10%) | 293 (11%) | 279 (17%) | 0.0000 |
Cameroon (2011) | 813 (37%) | 797 (32%) | 749 (35%) | 599 (36%) | 912 (46%) | 0.0000 |
Ghana (2014) | 136 (13%) | 129 (12%) | 143 (13%) | 145 (16%) | 165 (16%) | 0.0293 |
Kenya (2014) | 1372 (35%) | 1695 (41%) | 1352 (39%) | 1108 (36%) | 1278(32%) | 0.0000 |
Nigeria (2018) | 1151 (16%) | 996 (14%) | 841 (15%) | 768 (14%) | 815 (15%) | 0.0012 |
South Africa (2016) | 149 (21%) | 149 (25%) | 196 (30%) | 80 (30%) | 251 (27%) | 0.0008 |
Fever
| ||||||
Burkina Faso (2010) | 387 (20%) | 714 (19%) | 688 (22%) | 637 (24%) | 363 (22%) | 0.0000 |
Cameroon (2011) | 701 (31%) | 638 (26%) | 578 (27%) | 410 (25%) | 454 (23%) | 0.0000 |
Ghana (2014) | 177 (17%) | 162 (15%) | 151 (13%) | 127 (14%) | 110 (11%) | 0.0010 |
Kenya (2014) | 1020 (26%) | 1210 (29%) | 869 (25%) | 688 (22%) | 773 (19%) | 0.0000 |
Nigeria (2018) | 2204 (31%) | 2007 (28%) | 1333 (23%) | 1123 (21%) | 814 (15%) | 0.0000 |
South Africa (2016) | 115 (16%) | 121 (20%) | 156 (24%) | 65 (24%) | 202 (21%) | 0.0024 |
Terms | Ghana (2014) | Burkina Faso (2010) | Cameroon (2011) | Kenya (2014) | Nigeria (2018) | South Africa (2016) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 0.13(0.03, 0.47) | 0.19(0.07,0.53) | 0.39(0.17,0.92) | 0.31(0.18,0.55) | 0.19(0.11,0.33) | 0.22(0.02, 2.76) |
Healthy housing status(ref: Unhealthier)
| ||||||
Healthier | 1.21(0.66, 2.20) | 1.24(0.92,1.66) |
0.50(0.35,0.70)
|
0.79(0.63,0.98)
|
0.61(0.50,0.74)
| 0.37(0.09, 1.54) |
Healthiest | 0.95(0.50, 1.81) | 1.34(0.82,2.18) |
0.48(0.32,0.71)
|
0.68(0.52,0.87)
|
0.48(0.37,0.62)
| 0.59(0.21, 1.61) |
Healthy | 0.96(0.58, 1.58) | 1.21(0.90,1.64) |
0.60(0.44,0.83)
|
0.76(0.62,0.91)
|
0.71(0.59,0.86)
|
0.41(0.18, 0.97)
|
Unhealthy | 1.43(0.94, 2.17) | 1.02(0.77,1.35) |
0.60(0.44,0.81)
| 0.84(0.70,1.02) |
0.78(0.67,0.91)
| 1.40(0.72, 2.71) |
Household head age (Ref: 0-24years)
| ||||||
25–34 years | 1.27(0.65, 2.47) | 0.89(0.59,1.33) | 1.55(0.93,2.60) | 0.93(0.73,1.18) | 0.89(0.68,1.16) | 0.86(0.27, 2.81) |
35–49 years | 1.22(0.60, 2.48) | 0.71(0.47,1.08) | 1.31(0.78,2.21) | 0.85(0.67,1.08) | 0.83(0.64,1.09) | 0.54(0.13, 2.18) |
50 + years | 1.22(0.54, 2.74) | 0.85(0.54,1.33) | 1.69(0.98,2.90) | 0.81(0.63,1.05) | 0.83(0.62,1.12) | 0.67(0.16, 2.71) |
Breastfeeding status (Ref: Ever breastfed)
| ||||||
Never breastfed | 1.00(0.20, 5.13) |
2.10(1.09,4.05)
| ||||
Still breastfeeding | 1.18(0.72, 1.94) | 1.22(0.93,1.61) | ||||
Mother’s Education level (Ref: No education)
| ||||||
Higher | 0.32(0.09, 1.12) | 1.04(0.19,5.59) |
0.38(0.20,0.75)
|
0.68(0.48,0.96)
| 0.79(0.61,1.04) | 0.79(0.19, 3.33) |
Primary | 0.89(0.58, 1.37) | 1.23(0.96,1.58) |
0.67(0.54,0.83)
|
1.33(1.09,1.63)
| 1.11(0.94,1.30) | 0.54(0.13, 2.34) |
Secondary | 0.77(0.53, 1.11) | 0.95(0.63,1.44) |
0.48(0.35,0.66)
|
1.28(1.01,1.62)
| 1.03(0.87,1.20) | 0.50(0.15, 1.66) |
Residence (Ref: Rural)
| ||||||
Urban | 1.03(0.69, 1.54) | 0.89(0.62,1.26) | 1.18(0.90,1.56) | 1.15(0.97,1.36) | 0.91(0.77,1.08) | 0.99(0.53, 1.86) |
Head of HH (Ref: Female)
| ||||||
Male | 0.98(0.65, 1.48) | 1.15(0.84,1.57) | 1.15(0.88,1.51) | 0.99(0.87,1.13) | 1.06(0.88,1.28) | 1.43(0.85, 2.40) |
Mother’s BMI (Ref: Underweight)
| ||||||
Normal | 1.28(0.65, 2.49) | 0.83(0.67,1.03) |
0.57(0.41,0.80)
| 0.78(0.59,1.04) | 1.25(0.26, 6.05) | |
Obese | 3.46(0.56,21.40) | 0.57(0.24,1.32) |
0.40(0.19,0.83)
| 0.60(0.29,1.24) | 1.64(0.26,10.35) | |
Overweight | 1.04(0.29, 3.71) | 0.70(0.34,1.42) |
0.43(0.27,0.69)
| 0.71(0.48,1.06) | 1.83(0.35, 9.48) | |
Child age (Ref: below 1 year)
| ||||||
1 year |
2.40(1.60, 3.61)
|
1.76(1.42,2.18)
| 2.46(1.89,3.21) |
1.26(1.08,1.46)
|
1.52(1.36,1.70)
|
1.36(0.69, 2.66)
|
2 years |
2.59(1.43, 4.70)
|
1.55(1.14,2.12)
| 1.31(0.94,1.81) |
0.76(0.65,0.88)
| 0.97(0.85,1.09) |
0.47(0.23, 0.95)
|
3 years | 0.78(0.36, 1.72) | 0.84(0.57,1.23) | 0.85(0.64,1.13) |
0.41(0.34,0.49)
|
0.55(0.48,0.63)
| 0.55(0.22, 1.38) |
4 years | 1.02(0.49, 2.12) |
0.44(0.29,0.67)
|
0.52(0.36,0.74)
|
0.29(0.24,0.36)
|
0.42(0.36,0.48)
| 0.47(0.22, 1.00) |
Child sex (Ref: Male)
| ||||||
Female |
0.67(0.51, 0.89)
| 0.95(0.82,1.11) | 0.93(0.80,1.09) |
0.88(0.79,0.98)
| 1.02(0.94,1.10) | 0.74(0.45, 1.22) |
Multiple births(Ref: Yes)
| ||||||
No | 0.71(0.35, 1.44) | 1.27(0.71,2.25) | 0.94(0.61,1.45) | 1.03(0.70,1.53) | 1.00(0.75,1.33) | 1.74(0.46, 6.56) |
Mother’s marital status (Ref: never married)
| ||||||
Married | 0.55(0.29, 1.04) | 0.70(0.37,1.33) | 1.53(0.98,2.37) | 1.16(0.91,1.49) | 0.81(0.54,1.24) | 0.84(0.40, 1.74) |
Others | 0.67(0.36, 1.25) | 1.21(0.59,2.47) |
1.75(1.12,2.73)
|
1.61(1.24,2.09)
| 0.87(0.57,1.33) | 1.61(0.86, 3.00) |
Mother’s age (Ref: 15–24 years)
| ||||||
25–34 years | 1.06(0.76, 1.50) | 0.94(0.76,1.16) | 0.84(0.64,1.09) | 0.90(0.77,1.05) | 0.97(0.87,1.09) | 1.25(0.67, 2.34) |
35–49 years | 1.54(0.72, 3.28) | 0.92(0.54,1.55) | 0.71(0.38,1.30) | 0.98(0.67,1.44) | 1.05(0.80,1.37) | 0.77(0.08, 7.33) |
Mother’s religion (Ref: Christian)
| ||||||
Muslim | 1.90(1.36, 2.66) | 1.09(0.91,1.30) | 1.16(0.93,1.44) | 0.93(0.74,1.18) | 2.16(1.89,2.48) | |
No religion | 0.84(0.38, 1.88) | 0.19(0.03,1.09) | 0.85(0.51,1.41) |
1.54(1.17,2.02)
| ||
Traditional/other | 0.92(0.33, 2.55) | 1.06(0.75,1.51) | 0.91(0.61,1.37) | 0.89(0.38,2.08) | 0.46(0.19,1.11) |
Terms | Ghana (2014) | Burkina Faso (2010) | Cameroon (2011) | Kenya (2014) | Nigeria (2018) | South Africa (2016) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 0.14(0.03,0.64) | 0.09(0.02,0.37) | 0.65(0.26,1.63) | 0.25(0.14,0.44) | 0.29(0.18,0.47) | 0.02(0.00, 0.20) |
Healthy housing status(ref: Unhealthier)
| ||||||
Healthier | 1.03(0.60,1.76) | 1.40(0.96,2.05) | 0.72(0.51,1.02) |
0.81(0.69,0.95)
|
0.72(0.60,0.87)
| 1.91(0.76, 4.84) |
Healthiest | 1.07(0.61,1.88) |
2.45(1.39,4.34)
| 0.98(0.67,1.43) |
0.66(0.54,0.81)
|
0.69(0.56,0.85)
| 1.64(0.78, 3.49) |
Healthy | 0.71(0.44,1.16) |
1.55(1.09,2.20)
|
0.72(0.54,0.96)
| 0.94(0.81,1.08) |
0.78(0.66,0.92)
|
2.36(1.31, 4.25)
|
Unhealthy | 0.74(0.45,1.20) | 1.10(0.75,1.62) | 0.86(0.67,1.12) | 0.98(0.85,1.12) |
0.80(0.69,0.93)
| 1.39(0.83, 2.33) |
Household head age (Ref: 0-24years)
| ||||||
25–34 years | 1.05(0.55,2.00) | 0.74(0.47,1.14) | 1.12(0.57,2.23) | 0.94(0.78,1.14) | 0.95(0.74,1.23) | 0.83(0.39, 1.74) |
35–49 years | 0.88(0.49,1.58) | 0.76(0.47,1.22) | 0.95(0.48,1.89) | 0.92(0.76,1.12) | 0.93(0.72,1.21) | 1.03(0.45, 2.33) |
50 + years | 0.93(0.46,1.91) | 0.61(0.37,1.01) | 0.99(0.50,1.94) | 0.98(0.79,1.21) | 0.84(0.64,1.10) | 0.93(0.39, 2.19) |
Breastfeeding status (Ref: Ever breastfed)
| ||||||
Never breastfed | 2.44(0.67,8.89) | 1.56(0.81,2.99) | ||||
Still breastfeeding | 1.35(0.78,2.32) | 1.07(0.77,1.47) | ||||
Mother’s Education level (Ref: No education)
| ||||||
Higher | 0.55(0.23,1.30) | 0.35(0.04,2.69) | 1.44(0.85,2.44) |
1.64(1.25,2.14)
|
1.38(1.14,1.68)
| 2.98(0.87,10.22) |
Primary | 0.82(0.51,1.31) | 0.96(0.72,1.29) | 0.91(0.72,1.17) |
1.88(1.56,2.27)
|
1.39(1.20,1.62)
| 3.68(1.12,12.11) |
Secondary | 0.82(0.52,1.29) | 1.15(0.78,1.69) | 1.02(0.77,1.36) |
2.06(1.67,2.54)
|
1.44(1.26,1.64)
| 2.66(0.89, 7.97) |
Residence (Ref: Rural)
| ||||||
Urban | 1.07(0.75,1.53) | 1.21(0.78,1.89) |
1.40(1.09,1.80)
| 1.08(0.95,1.23) | 0.89(0.76,1.03) | 0.87(0.49, 1.55) |
Head of HH (Ref: Female)
| ||||||
Male | 0.89(0.65,1.22) |
1.67(1.06,2.61)
| 1.18(0.96,1.45) | 1.00(0.90,1.11) | 1.09(0.93,1.27) | 1.46(0.90, 2.38) |
Mother’s BMI (Ref: Underweight)
| ||||||
Normal | 1.09(0.58,2.02) | 0.98(0.77,1.25) | 0.90(0.67,1.20) |
1.28(1.01,1.62)
| 1.54(0.50, 4.75) | |
Obese |
0.12(0.01,0.97)
| 1.18(0.50,2.78) | 0.91(0.55,1.52) | 0.87(0.51,1.47) | 1.27(0.31, 5.13) | |
Overweight | 0.99(0.32,3.10) | 0.47(0.22,1.00) | 0.92(0.63,1.36) | 1.16(0.85,1.58) | 1.42(0.43, 4.68) | |
Child age (Ref: below 1 year)
| ||||||
1 year |
1.64(1.04,2.61)
| 1.17(0.90,1.52) |
1.23(1.00,1.52)
|
1.35(1.19,1.54)
|
1.25(1.13,1.39)
|
1.70(1.00, 2.91)
|
2 years | 1.78(0.96,3.29) | 0.95(0.67,1.37) | 0.92(0.74,1.15) |
1.21(1.08,1.37)
| 0.89(0.80,1.00) |
1.68(1.01, 2.79)
|
3 years | 1.46(0.72,2.97) | 0.73(0.48,1.10) | 0.99(0.81,1.22) |
1.15(1.02,1.30)
|
0.84(0.75,0.93)
| 1.16(0.65, 2.06) |
4 years | 1.14(0.54,2.41) |
0.45(0.28,0.70)
| 0.88(0.69,1.11) | 1.06(0.92,1.22) |
0.63(0.56,0.71)
| 0.93(0.58, 1.49) |
Child sex (Ref: Male)
| ||||||
Female | 0.98(0.75,1.27) | 0.91(0.77,1.08) | 0.97(0.85,1.11) | 1.06(0.98,1.15) | 1.01(0.94,1.08) | 1.19(0.84, 1.68) |
Multiple births(Ref: Yes)
| ||||||
No | 1.60(0.63,4.10) | 0.72(0.40,1.31) | 0.88(0.59,1.33) | 0.96(0.68,1.36) | 0.94(0.74,1.21) | 1.71(0.53, 5.57) |
Mother’s marital status (Ref: never married)
| ||||||
Married | 0.66(0.37,1.18) | 1.12(0.43,2.95) | 1.08(0.77,1.52) | 1.16(0.95,1.41) | 0.83(0.62,1.11) | 0.64(0.37, 1.10) |
Others | 0.72(0.39,1.31) | 1.83(0.67,4.98) |
1.63(1.13,2.37)
| 1.13(0.91,1.39) | 0.91(0.65,1.28) | 1.62(0.96, 2.73) |
Mother’s age (Ref: 15–24 years)
| ||||||
25–34 years | 0.81(0.56,1.18) |
1.37(1.11,1.69)
| 0.94(0.77,1.15) | 1.00(0.89,1.12) | 0.99(0.89,1.10) | 0.95(0.60, 1.52) |
35–49 years | 0.89(0.40,1.99) | 0.78(0.40,1.51) | 1.11(0.67,1.84) | 0.83(0.63,1.11) | 1.07(0.85,1.34) | 1.07(0.27, 4.18) |
Mother’s religion (Ref: Christian)
| ||||||
Muslim | 1.08(0.75,1.55) | 1.01(0.80,1.26) | 1.11(0.87,1.41) |
0.66(0.54,0.81)
|
0.82(0.72,0.94)
| |
No religion | 0.70(0.30,1.63) | 1.79(0.47,6.86) | 0.75(0.45,1.23) | 1.08(0.84,1.39) | ||
Traditional/other |
0.32(0.13,0.80)
| 1.52(1.06,2.18) | 0.76(0.53,1.10) | 1.11(0.57,2.15) | 0.42(0.17,1.01) |
Terms | Ghana (2014) | Burkina Faso (2010) | Cameroon (2011) | Kenya (2014) | Nigeria (2018) | South Africa (2016) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 0.16(0.04,0.69) | 0.55(0.24,1.25) | 0.41(0.18,0.93) | 0.34(0.20,0.58) | 0.29(0.19,0.44) | 0.01(0.00, 0.10) |
Healthy housing status(ref: Unhealthier)
| ||||||
Healthier | 0.66(0.39,1.10) | 1.28(0.97,1.70) |
0.67(0.49,0.92)
|
0.71(0.58,0.88)
|
0.70(0.59,0.82)
| 1.83(0.71, 4.74) |
Healthiest | 0.60(0.36,0.99) | 1.31(0.84,2.04) |
0.47(0.32,0.69)
|
0.64(0.49,0.82)
|
0.52(0.42,0.64)
|
2.09(1.02, 4.29)
|
Healthy | 0.86(0.54,1.36) | 1.22(0.94,1.59) |
0.71(0.53,0.94)
|
0.82(0.69,0.98)
|
0.78(0.67,0.90)
| 1.73(0.94, 3.18) |
Unhealthy | 0.96(0.66,1.39) | 0.91(0.71,1.16) |
0.76(0.58,0.99)
| 0.99(0.82,1.18) | 0.90(0.79,1.01) | 1.11(0.64, 1.94) |
Household head age (Ref: 0-24years)
| ||||||
25–34 years | 0.60(0.29,1.23) | 0.82(0.59,1.14) | 1.02(0.58,1.80) | 0.84(0.69,1.01) | 0.82(0.66,1.01) | 0.56(0.18, 1.73) |
35–49 years | 0.68(0.33,1.39) | 0.72(0.52,1.02) | 0.91(0.51,1.63) | 0.82(0.67,1.01) | 0.80(0.65,1.00) | 1.16(0.42, 3.25) |
50 + years | 0.51(0.24,1.11) | 0.80(0.55,1.14) | 1.05(0.60,1.84) | 0.94(0.75,1.17) | 0.78(0.62,0.97) | 0.98(0.37, 2.60) |
Breastfeeding status (Ref: Ever breastfed)
| ||||||
Never breastfed | 0.64(0.14,2.83) | 1.34(0.73,2.45) | ||||
Still breastfeeding | 1.55(0.94,2.57) | 1.07(0.84,1.36) | ||||
Mother’s Education level (Ref: No education)
| ||||||
Higher | 0.52(0.18,1.49) |
0.14(0.03,0.66)
| 1.23(0.72,2.12) |
1.49(1.11,2.00)
|
0.76(0.62,0.92)
| 1.00(0.29, 3.41) |
Primary | 1.05(0.70,1.56) | 1.14(0.92,1.41) | 0.89(0.70,1.13) |
1.78(1.44,2.20)
| 1.04(0.92,1.17) | 0.85(0.25, 2.91) |
Secondary | 0.79(0.52,1.21) | 0.99(0.68,1.45) | 0.96(0.71,1.28) |
1.71(1.35,2.16)
| 1.03(0.91,1.15) | 1.05(0.35, 3.11) |
Residence (Ref: Rural)
| ||||||
Urban | 1.05(0.70,1.56) | 0.94(0.72,1.24) | 1.19(0.90,1.59) | 1.03(0.88,1.20) |
0.82(0.71,0.94)
| 0.84(0.47, 1.51) |
Head of HH (Ref: Female)
| ||||||
Male | 0.74(0.52,1.06) | 1.25(0.93,1.68) | 1.24(0.98,1.57) | 1.01(0.90,1.13) | 1.12(0.98,1.29) | 1.49(0.92, 2.40) |
Mother’s BMI (Ref: Underweight)
| ||||||
Normal | 1.00(0.52,1.91) | 0.94(0.76,1.16) |
0.72(0.52,0.99)
| 0.84(0.66,1.07) | 0.91(0.29, 2.84) | |
Obese | 0.30(0.07,1.28) | 0.94(0.49,1.77) | 0.66(0.38,1.13) | 0.60(0.33,1.08) | 1.17(0.29, 4.82) | |
Overweight | 0.36(0.10,1.32) |
0.55(0.34,0.91)
|
0.46(0.30,0.70)
|
0.61(0.44,0.85)
| 0.90(0.26, 3.13) | |
Child age (Ref: below 1 year)
| ||||||
1 year |
2.78(1.79,4.31)
|
1.90(1.56,2.32)
|
1.40(1.14,1.72)
|
1.36(1.18,1.55)
|
1.55(1.40,1.71)
| 1.70(0.96, 3.01) |
2 years |
3.87(2.16,6.95)
|
1.37(1.06,1.78)
|
1.25(1.02,1.54)
| 1.04(0.91,1.18) |
1.31(1.19,1.44)
|
1.99(1.14, 3.48)
|
3 years |
2.95(1.49,5.82)
| 0.81(0.60,1.09) | 1.20(0.98,1.48) |
0.86(0.75,0.99)
| 1.08(0.98,1.19) | 1.36(0.73, 2.55) |
4 years |
3.10(1.60,5.99)
| 0.63(0.45,0.88) | 0.90(0.69,1.18) |
0.84(0.73,0.97)
| 0.91(0.82,1.00) | 0.62(0.31, 1.25) |
Child sex (Ref: Male)
| ||||||
Female | 0.80(0.60,1.05) | 0.96(0.84,1.10) | 0.82(0.71,0.95) | 0.99(0.91,1.08) |
1.06(1.00,1.13)
| 0.92(0.60, 1.41) |
Multiple births(Ref: Yes)
| ||||||
No | 1.18(0.51,2.75) | 0.91(0.57,1.45) | 1.13(0.77,1.68) | 0.98(0.70,1.37) | 1.11(0.90,1.37) |
25.84(3.26,204.67)
|
Mother’s marital status (Ref: never married)
| ||||||
Married | 0.76(0.41,1.41) |
0.47(0.26,0.82)
| 1.36(0.92,2.01) | 1.04(0.83,1.29) | 1.02(0.78,1.34) | 0.77(0.45, 1.34) |
Others | 0.69(0.36,1.34) | 0.60(0.32,1.13) |
1.60(1.07,2.40)
| 0.99(0.78,1.26) | 1.08(0.79,1.47) | 1.28(0.70, 2.34) |
Mother’s age (Ref: 15–24 years)
| ||||||
25–34 years | 1.05(0.73,1.50) |
1.30(1.09,1.56)
| 1.01(0.81,1.27) | 1.04(0.91,1.19) |
1.09(1.00,1.19)
| 0.94(0.58, 1.53) |
35–49 years | 1.83(0.97,3.46) | 1.40(0.93,2.12) | 1.60(0.86,2.97) | 1.12(0.84,1.51) | 0.97(0.79,1.21) |
0.13(0.02, 0.96)
|
Mother’s religion (Ref: Christian)
| ||||||
Muslim | 1.24(0.83,1.86) | 0.92(0.78,1.09) | 1.24(1.00,1.53) | 0.77(0.61,0.98) |
1.37(1.20,1.56)
| |
No religion | 1.01(0.56,1.84) | 0.40(0.17,0.93) | 0.88(0.53,1.47) | 1.21(0.89,1.64) | ||
Traditional/other | 1.00(0.53,1.85) | 1.11(0.86,1.44) | 0.67(0.42,1.06) | 1.22(0.44,3.39) | 0.75(0.43,1.28) |