Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design and patient selection
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
Maternal, perinatal and neonatal characteristics
All infants (n = 132) | FGR infants (n = 44) | AGA infants (n = 88) | p value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics
| ||||
Maternal age – mean ± SD [years] | 31.98 ± 5.69 | 32.11 ± 5.95 | 31.91 ± 5.60 | 0.847 |
Nulliparous – n (%) | 89 (67.4) | 29 (65.9) | 60 (68.2) | 0.793 |
Placenta previa – n (%) | 5 (3.8) | 1 (2.3) | 4 (4.5) | 0.664 |
Chorioamnionitis – n (%) | 6 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (6.8) | 0.191 |
Hypertension/preeclampsia – n (%) | 56 (42.4) | 32 (72.7) | 24 (27.3) |
< 0.001
|
HELLP syndrome – n (%) | 14 (10.6) | 8 (18.2) | 6 (6.8) | 0.069 |
Gestational diabetes – n (%) | 16 (12.1) | 3 (6.8) | 13 (14.8) | 0.187 |
Thrombophilia – n (%) | 13 (9.8) | 6 (13.6) | 7 (8.0) | 0.359 |
Autoimmune disease – n (%) | 9 (6.8) | 2 (4.5) | 7 (8.0) | 0.717 |
Smokers – n (%) | 32 (24.2) | 13 (29.5) | 19 (21.6) | 0.433 |
Education level – n (%) | 0.689 | |||
Lower secondary Upper secondary Tertiary | 38 (28.8) 36 (27.3) 58 (43.9) | 14 (31.8) 10 (22.7) 20 (45.5) | 24 (27.3) 26 (29.5) 38 (43.2) | |
Perinatal characteristics
| ||||
Pregnancy surveillance – n (%) | 0.863 | |||
Full Late onset No surveillance | 125 (94.7) 5 (3.8) 2 (1.5) | 42 (95.5) 2 (4.5) 0 (0.0) | 83 (94.3) 3 (3.4) 2 (2.3) | |
Twin – n (%) | 15 (11.4) | 5 (11.4) | 10 (11.4) | 1.000 |
Antenatal corticosteroid – n (%) | 109 (82.6) | 38 (86.4) | 71 (80.7) | 0.417 |
Antenatal neuroprotection – n (%) | 50 (37.9) | 17 (38.6) | 33 (37.5) | 0.480 |
Labor induction – n (%) | 84 (63.6) | 44 (100) | 40 (45.5) |
< 0.001
|
PPRM – n (%) | 20 (15.2) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (22.7) |
0.002
|
Cesarean delivery – n (%) | 98 (74.2) | 44 (100) | 54 (61.4) |
< 0.001
|
Outborn – n (%) | 9 (6.8) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (10.2) | 0.069 |
Gestational age – mean ± SD [weeks] | 29.13 ± 1.49 | 29.09 ± 1.36 | 29.15 ± 1.56 | 0.837 |
Birthweight – mean ± SD [gram] | 1159.40 ± 334.21. | 856.48 ± 201.66 | 1310.86 ± 280.14 |
< 0.001
|
Male – n (%) | 69 (52.3) | 21 (47.7) | 48 (54.5) | 0.460 |
5-minute Apgar score < 7 – n (%) | 7 (5.3) | 3 (6.8) | 4 (4.5) | 0.686 |
Endotracheal intubation – n (%) | 28 (21.2) | 13 (29.5) | 15 (17.0) | 0.098 |
Neonatal characteristics
| ||||
CRIB score > 5 at admission – n (%) | 24 (18.2) | 21 (47.7) | 3 (3.4) |
< 0.001
|
Late-onset sepsis – n (%) | 29 (22.0) | 16 (36.4) | 13 (14.8) |
0.005
|
Hyaline membrane disease – n (%) | 45 (34.1) | 19 (43.2) | 26 (29.5) | 0.119 |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia – n (%) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (1.1) |
0.016
|
Pulmonary hemorrhage – n (%) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.188 |
Patent arterial duct – n (%) | 32 (24.2) | 12 (27.3) | 20 (22.7) | 0.566 |
Hypotension – n (%) | 9 (6.8) | 5 (11.4) | 4 (4.5) | 0.159 |
Necrotizing enterocolitis – n (%) | 3 (2.3) | 2 (4.5) | 1 (1.1) | 0.258 |
ROP grade ≥ 3 – n (%) | 4 (3.0) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0.108 |
PVL grade ≥ II – n (%) | 5 (3.8) | 1 (2.3) | 4 (4.5) | 0.664 |
PIVH grade III or PVHI – n (%) | 6 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (6.8) | 0.191 |
Seizures – n (%) | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) | 0.842 |
Mechanical ventilation – n (%) | 49 (37.1) | 19 (43.2) | 30 (34.1) | 0.308 |
Postnatal surfactant – n (%) | 45 (34.1) | 19 (43.2) | 26 (29.5) | 0.119 |
Postnatal corticosteroids – n (%) | 6 (4.5) | 6 (13.6) | 0 (0.0) |
0.002
|
Neurodevelopmental follow-up at 24 months of corrected age
Mean SD | βa (95% CI) | p value* | βadjustedb (95% CI) | Standardized βc | p value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global development quotient
| ||||||
FGR | 96.39 ± 18.68 | -7.625 (-12.758; -2.492) |
0.004
| -16.703 (-28.915; -4.492) | -0.525 |
0.009
|
AGA | 104.01 ± 11.07 | Ref | Ref | |||
All infants | 101.47 ± 14.46 | |||||
Gross motor skills
| ||||||
FGR | 95.61 ± 14.32 | -3.432 (-7.746; 0.882) | 0.118 | -6.781 (-16.054; 2.491) | 0.146 | |
AGA | 99.05 ± 10.35 | Ref | Ref | |||
All infants | 97.90 ± 11.88 | |||||
Personal–social–emotional skills
| ||||||
FGR | 102.66 ± 21.52 | -6.545 (-12.429; -0.662) |
0.030
| -11.065 (-22.782; 0.653) | 0.063 | |
AGA | 109.20 ± 12.60 | Ref | Ref | |||
All infants | 107.02 ± 16.34 | |||||
Language and communication skills
| ||||||
FGR | 88.61 ± 22.78 | -11.670 (-18.292; -5.049) |
0.001
| -21.924 (-38.822; -5.025) | -0.546 |
0.013
|
AGA | 100.28 ± 15.32 | Ref | Ref | |||
All infants | 96.39 ± 18.88 | |||||
Eye and hand coordination skills
| ||||||
FGR | 102.07 ± 18.62 | -5.318 (-10.442; -0.194) |
0.042
| -15.446 (-27.658; -3.234) | -0.480 |
0.015
|
AGA | 107.39 ± 11.07 | Ref | Ref | |||
All infants | 105.61 ± 14.20 | |||||
Foundations of learning skills
| ||||||
FGR | 98.18 ± 17.70 | -6.068 (-10.995; -1.141) |
0.016
| -15.211 (-26.916; -3.506) | -0.481 |
0.013
|
AGA | 104.25 ± 10.82 | Ref | Ref | |||
All infants | 102.23 ± 13.74 |