1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Patients
2.2 Procedural management
2.3 Assessment of PV anatomy and size
2.4 Ablation procedure
2.5 Follow-up
2.6 Statistical analysis
3 Results
3.1 Study population
Parameter/pat. group | Study population (n = 353) | Patients with regular PV anatomy (n = 223, 63%) | Patients with variant PV anatomy (n = 130, 37%) | p-value | Long-term AF-free survival (n = 186, 53%) | Patients with AF-recurrence (n = 167, 47%) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (male) | 209 (59 %) | 134 (60%) | 75 (58%) | 0.93 | 103 (55%) | 93 (56%) | 0.73 |
Age, years | 58 ± 11 | 57 ± 7 | 56 ± 9 | 0.87 | 57 ± 12 | 56 ± 11 | 0.99 |
BMI, kg2/cm | 27.8 ± 4 | 27.4 ± 4 | 26.8 ± 3 | 0.83 | 26.9 ± 4 | 27.4 ± 4 | 0.86 |
Smoking | 63 (18 %) | 41 (18 %) | 22 (17%) | 0.93 | 33 | 30 | 0.96 |
Arterial hypertension | 198 (56 %) | 127 (57 %) | 75 (58 %) | 0.96 | 102 (54 %) | 96 (57 %) | 0.42 |
DM | 14 (4 %) | 8 (4%) | 6 (5%) | 1.4 | 9 (5%) | 5 (3 %) | 0.11 |
CAD | 23 (7 %) | 14 (6%) | 9 (7%) | 1.6 | 11 (6%) | 12 (7 %) | 0.21 |
OSA | 22 (6 %) | 16 (7%) | 6 (5%) | 0.92 | 9 (5%) | 13 (7 %) | 0.48 |
CHA2DS2-VasC-Score | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.33 |
LA AP-diameter, mm | 38 ± 7 | 37 ± 5 | 38 ± 7 | 0.91 | 38 ± 6 | 39 ± 5 | 0.32 |
AADs | 92 (26%) | 60 (27%) | 32 (25%) | 0.79 | 47 (24%) | 45 (27%) | 0.64 |
Total procedure duration, min | 180 ± 35 | 176 ± 32 | 183 ± 36 | 0.34 | 179 ± 43 | 181 ± 40 | 0.11 |
Total fluoroscopy dose, μGycm2 | 2636 ± 540 | 2601 ± 480 | 2691 ± 550 | 1.14 | 2620 ± 532 | 2711 ± 534 | 0.92 |
Fluoroscopy duration, min | 18 ± 8 | 17 ± 7 | 20 ± 9 | 1.8 | 19 ± 6 | 18 ± 9 | 0.87 |
3.2 Procedural data
Freezing time, s | Nadir temperature, °C | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PV/group | Long-term AF-free survival | AF-recurrence | p-value | Long-term AF-free survival | AF-recurrence | p-value |
RSPV | 224 ± 28 | 210 ± 42 | 0.08 | − 44 ± 7 | − 41 ± 3 | 0.19 |
RIPV | 230 ± 23 | 210 ± 34 | 0.67 | − 45 ± 8 | − 43 ± 4 | 0.39 |
LSPV | 226 ± 25 | 200 ± 35 | 0.54 | − 44 ± 6 | − 47 ± 6 | 0.28 |
LIPV | 229 ± 24 | 200 ± 25 | 0.32 | − 40 ± 6 | − 41 ± 3 | 0.09 |
LCPV | 230 ± 23 | 238 ± 20 | 0.27 | − 41 ± 5 | − 42 ± 4 | 0.11 |
3.3 Clinical outcome depending on PV anatomy
PV anatomy | Total study population (n = 353) | 12-month AF-free survival (n = 285) | Early AF-recurrence (n = 68) | p-value | Long-term AF-free survival (n = 186) | Late AF-recurrence (n = 99) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regular PV anatomy | 223 (63%) | 192 (67%) | 31 (46%) | < 0.001 | 152 (82%) | 40 (40%) | < 0.001 |
Variant PV anatomy | 130 (37 %) | 93 (33%) | 37 (54%) | < 0.001 | 34 (18%) | 59 (60%) | < 0.001 |
- LCPV | 95 (27%) | 75 (27%) | 20 (29%) | 0.61 | 34 (18%) | 41 (41%) | < 0.001 |
- RCPV | 16 (5%) | 8 (3%) | 8 (12%) | < 0.001 | 0 (0%) | 8 (8%) | < 0.001 |
- RMPV | 19 (5%) | 10 (3%) | 9 (13%) | < 0.001 | 0 (0%) | 10 (10%) | < 0.001 |
3.3.1 12-months’ follow up
3.3.2 48-months’ follow up
3.3.3 Clinical outcome depending on CSA
PV/CSA, mm2 | Early AF-recurrence | 12-month AF-free survival | p-value | Late AF-recurrence | Long-term AF-free survival | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RSPV | 260.0 ± 76.0 | 259.1 ± 66.7 | 0.45 | 263.1 ± 78.2 | 257.2 ± 75.3 | 0.03 |
RIPV | 250.0 ± 93.3 | 234.8 ± 69.6 | 0.09 | 254.4 ± 96.3 | 248.7 ± 90.0 | 0.04 |
LSPV | 234.8 ± 69.6 | 218.0±70.7 | 0.45 | 235.5 ± 67.3 | 226.8 ± 65.3 | 0.01 |
LIPV | 163.0 ± 58.8 | 159.0 ± 44.7 | 0.33 | 162.2 ± 58.0 | 161.2 ± 59.1 | 0.41 |
LCPV | 355.6 ± 60.0 | 311.0 ± 60.0 | 0.07 | 348.7 ± 59.0 | 322.7 ± 34.2 | < 0.001 |
RCPV | 490.3 ± 89.2 | 487.5 ± 79.3 | 0.91 | 508.6 ± 84.3 | * | * |
RMPV | 64.2 ± 18.5 | 63.1 ± 15.4 | 0.89 | 71 ± 13.2 | * | * |
3.3.4 Multivariate analysis
Hazard ratio, 95.0% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|
Baseline parameter | ||
Sex (male) | 1.6 (0.9–2.63) | 0.47 |
Smoking | 0.99 (0.54–2.0) | 0.91 |
Arterial hypertension | 0.9 (0.72–1.15) | 0.56 |
DM | 0.49 (0.9–1.9) | 0.88 |
CAD | 0.40 (0.09–1.9) | 0.63 |
LA > 40 mm | 2.3 (0.76–3.03) | 0.78 |
AADs | 0.87 (0.43–2.6) | 0.99 |
Anatomy | ||
LCPV | 2.9 (1.4–5.8) | 0.03 |
Right-variant PVs | 1.9 (1.73–3.9) | 0.004 |