Introduction
Lipoprotein(a) and Evidence of Causality in Cardiovascular Disease
Lp(a) Measurement, Challenges Now and Beyond
Guidance on Lp(a) Testing from Professional Societies
Guideline | Publication date | |
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EAS Lp(a) Consensus Statement | Oct 2010 | Aug 2022 |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing Measured once in all adults at intermediate or high risk of CVD/CHD who present with one of: 1) Premature ASCVD 2) FH 3) Family history of premature ASCVD and/or elevated Lp(a) 4) Recurrent CVD despite statin treatment 5) ≥ 3% 10-year risk of fatal ASCVD according to the European guidelines 6) ≥ 10% 10-year risk of fatal and/or non-fatal CHD according to the US guidelines | Indications for Lp(a) Testing 1) All adults, at least once. Repeats not necessary except in setting of liver or kidney disease, or acute infection 2) Cascade testing in the setting of FH, family history of very high Lp(a), or personal or family history of ASCVD | |
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds 1) The association between Lp(a) and ASCVD is continuous without a threshold or dependence on LDL-C or non-HDL-C levels 2) Desirable levels for Lp(a) < 50 mg/dL (~ 80th percentile in White individuals) | Lp(a) Risk Thresholds 1) Continuous relationship between Lp(a) and ASCVD risk 2) Recommend using Lp(a) thresholds with ‘grey’ zones (e.g., 30–50 mg/dL or 75–125 nmol/L) to either rule-in (≥ 50 mg/dL; 125 nmol/L) or rule-out (< 30 mg/dL; 75 nmol/L) Lp(a)-related ASCVD risk 3) Very high Lp(a) levels (> 180 mg/dL or > 430 nmol/L) identify individuals with lifetime ASCVD risk equivalent to untreated HeFH | |
Management of Elevated Lp(a) Reduction in Lp(a) should mainly be achieved using niacin (1-3 g/day) | Management of Elevated Lp(a) 1) Recommend early, comprehensive management of all ASCVD risk factors (including LDL-C, blood pressure, glucose, and lifestyle factors) as guided by patient’s absolute global ASCVD risk and Lp(a) level 2) Consider lipoprotein apheresis in patients with very high Lp(a) and progressive cardiovascular disease despite optimal management of risk factors 3) Niacin is not recommended for Lp(a) lowering | |
AHA Scientific Statement | Oct 2021 | |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing 1) May be appropriate for additional risk stratification in patients with borderline (5%–7.4%) or intermediate (7.5%–19.9%) 10-year ASCVD risk as estimated by well-validated equation for the patient population 2) Cascade screening of family members of patients with elevated Lp(a) may identify additional individuals with elevated Lp(a) because of its autosomal codominant inheritance pattern | ||
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds 1) No threshold specified. Cited heterogeneity in Lp(a) assay specifications, Lp(a) differences across different population ancestries, and the importance of patient comorbidities in interpreting significance of Lp(a) levels as reasons universal threshold could not be established 2) Recommend incorporating Lp(a) into ASCVD risk estimation | ||
Management of Elevated Lp(a) 1) To be interpreted as a risk-enhancing factor that further informs the 10-year ASCVD risk estimate (predicted 10-y risk × [1.11(patient’s Lp(a) level in nmol/L/50)] 2) Management based on updated 10-year ASCVD risk estimate per ACC/AHA’s 2019 guideline on primary ASCVD prevention | ||
NLA Scientific Statement on Lp(a) | Apr 2019 * | Sep 2021 |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing Reasonable in individuals with: 1) Family history of first-degree relatives with premature ASCVD (< 55 y of age in men; < 65 y of age in women) 2) Premature ASCVD, especially in absence of traditional risk factors 3) Primary severe hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 190 mg/dL) or suspected FH 4) Very-high-risk for ASCVD (i.e. those with a history of multiple major ASCVD events or 1 major ASCVD event and multiple high-risk conditions) to better define those who are more likely to benefit from PCSK9 inhibitor therapy May be reasonable in individuals with: 1) Intermediate (7.5%-19.9%) 10-y ASCVD risk when the decision to use a statin is uncertain, to improve risk stratification in primary prevention 2) Borderline (5%-7.4%) 10-y ASCVD risk when the decision to use a statin is uncertain, to improve risk stratification in primary prevention 3) Less-than-anticipated LDL-C lowering, despite good adherence to LDL-C lowering therapy 4) Family history of elevated Lp(a) 5) Calcific valvular aortic stenosis 6) Recurrent or progressive ASCVD, despite optimal lipid-lowering therapy | Indications for Lp(a) Testing Referenced the NLA 2019 indications [28] and additionally noted that Lp(a) measurement may be valuable for guiding management in: 1) Patients with a strong family history of ASCVD 2) Patients who do not fully respond to statin therapy 3) Patients who go on to have an ASCVD event while on evidence-based lipid-lowering therapy 4) Patients who are already on maximal dose statin therapy ± ezetimibe, whose LDL-C remains above 70 mg/dL, to determine those who may benefit from PCSK9 inhibitor therapy | |
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds Reasonable to use Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL or ≥ 100 nmol/L as levels suggesting increased risk in White patients | Lp(a) Risk Thresholds Not discussed | |
Management of Elevated Lp(a) 1) Among adults aged 40–75 y with a 10-y ASCVD risk of 7.5%-19.9%, use Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL or ≥ 100 nmol/L as risk-enhancing factor to favor initiation of a moderate- or high-intensity statin in those with on-treatment LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL (or non–HDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL) 2) Among adults at high risk (i.e., those with clinical ASCVD) or at very-high risk (i.e., adults with a history of multiple major ASCVD events or 1 major ASCVD event and multiple high-risk conditions), consider more intensive LDL-C lowering to achieve greater ASCVD risk reduction 3) Among very-high-risk patients taking a maximally tolerated statin, with Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL or ≥ 100 nmol/L and LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL (or non–HDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL), add ezetimibe. This approach may also be reasonable among high-risk patients 4) Among very-high-risk patients taking a maximally tolerated statin and ezetimibe, with an Lp(a) of ≥ 50 mg/dL or ≥ 100 nmol/L and LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL (or non–HDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL), add a PCSK9 inhibitor 5) Niacin is not recommended to reduce ASCVD risk in patients taking moderate- to high-intensity statins ± ezetimibe with an on-treatment LDL-C < 80 mg/dL | Management of Elevated Lp(a) Not discussed | |
CCS Dyslipidemia Guideline | Jul 2016 | Aug 2021 |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing Lp(a) might aid risk assessment in subjects with intermediate Framingham Risk Score or with a family history of premature coronary artery disease | Indications for Lp(a) Testing 1) All persons at initial lipid screening 2) Especially important in younger patients with a very strong family history of premature ASCVD | |
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds ASCVD risk is increased by approximately twofold in patients with Lp(a) > 30 mg/dL | Lp(a) Risk Thresholds 1) The risk of ASCVD increases with increasing Lp(a) levels > 30 mg/dL in a dose-dependent fashion 2) Threshold of Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL (or ≥ 100 nmol/L) for primary prevention | |
Management of Elevated Lp(a) Not discussed | Management of Elevated Lp(a) Primary prevention (Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL (or ≥ 100 nmol/L)): 1) For all patients, recommend more intensive health behavior modification counseling and management of other ASCVD risk factors 2) For intermediate-risk patients and/or low-risk patients with LDL-C between 3.5–5 mmol/L (~ 135–194 mg/dL), recommend further ASCVD risk assessment (including age-appropriate vascular imaging for detection of subclinical atherosclerosis) and earlier introduction of statins or other lipid-lowering therapy Secondary prevention: Recommend intensification of lipid-lowering therapy with PCSK9 inhibitors for patients with Lp(a) level ≥ 60 mg/dL (120 nmol/L) | |
AACE/ACE Dyslipidemia Consensus Statement | Oct 2020 | |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing 1) All patients with clinical ASCVD, especially premature or recurrent ASCVD despite LDL-C lowering 2) Individuals with a family history of premature ASCVD and/or increased Lp(a) 3) Individuals with South Asian or African ancestry, especially those with a family history of premature ASCVD and/or increased Lp(a) 4) Individuals with a 10-year ASCVD risk ≥ 10% (primary prevention setting), in order to stratify risk 5) Patients with a personal or family history of aortic valve stenosis 6) Patients with refractory elevations of LDL-C despite aggressive LDL-C-lowering therapy (i.e., statin resistance) | ||
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds A Lp(a) level > 50 mg/dL is associated with increased risk of recurrent events in patients on statin therapy | ||
Management of Elevated Lp(a) Aggressive LDL-C lowering. | ||
HEART UK Consensus Statement | Oct 2019 | |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing Measured once among those with: 1) Personal or family history of premature ASCVD (< 60 years) 2) First degree relatives with raised serum Lp(a) levels (> 200 nmol/L) 3) FH, or other genetic dyslipidemias 4) Calcific aortic valve stenosis 5) Borderline increased (but < 15%) 10-year risk of a cardiovascular event | ||
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds ASCVD risk conferred by Lp(a): Minor: 32–90 nmol/L Moderate: 90–200 nmol/L High: 200–400 nmol/L Very high: > 400 nmol/L | ||
Management of Elevated Lp(a) Recommendations for those with Lp(a) > 90 nmol/L: 1) Reduce overall ASCVD risk 2) Control hyperlipidemia (goal non-HDL-C < 100 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L)) 3) Consider lipoprotein apheresis as per the 2008 HEART UK Lipoprotein apheresis statement (i.e., patients with progressive coronary disease and Lp(a) greater than ~ 150 nmol/L (> 60 mg/dL) whose LDL-C remains > 125 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) despite maximal lipid-lowering therapy) | ||
ACC/AHA Primary Prevention Guideline | Sep 2019 | |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing Relative indication: family history of premature ASCVD (males, age < 55 y; females, age < 65 y) | ||
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL or ≥ 125 nmol/L constitutes a risk enhancing factor, especially at higher levels of Lp(a) | ||
Management of Elevated Lp(a) Same as the 2018 AHA/ACC Multi-society Cholesterol Guideline | ||
ESC/EAS Dyslipidemia Guideline | Aug 2016 | Aug 2019 |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing Not recommended for risk screening in the general population. Consider in individuals with: 1) Premature ASCVD 2) FH 3) Family history of premature ASCVD or elevated Lp(a) 4) Recurrent ASCVD despite optimal lipid-lowering therapy 5) > 5% 10-year risk of fatal ASCVD based on SCORE | Indications for Lp(a) Testing All adults, at least once | |
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds Risk is regarded as significant when Lp(a) is above the 80th percentile (50 mg/dL) | Lp(a) Risk Thresholds 1) Patients with Lp(a) > 180 mg/dL (> 430 nmol/L) may have similar lifetime ASCVD risk as those with HeFH 2) Patients with less extreme Lp(a) elevations may still be at higher risk for ASCVD that is not reflected by other lipid or lipoprotein measurements (no specific Lp(a) threshold mentioned) | |
Management of Elevated Lp(a) 1) Intensified treatment of the modifiable risk factors, including LDL-C 2) Consider PCSK9i antibody if patient has high Lp(a) and FH | Management of Elevated Lp(a) Not discussed | |
AHA/ACC Multi-society Cholesterol Guideline | Nov 2018 | |
Indications for Lp(a) Testing Relative indications: 1) Family history of premature ASCVD (males, age < 55 y; females, age < 65 y) 2) Personal history of ASCVD not explained by major risk factors | ||
Lp(a) Risk Thresholds An Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL or ≥ 125 nmol/L constitutes a risk-enhancing factor especially at higher levels of Lp(a) | ||
Management of Elevated Lp(a) If Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL or ≥ 125 nmol/L, utilize as a risk enhancing factor in the context of absolute global ASCVD risk assessment |