Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic disease associated with life-threatening complications, disabilities, and substantial financial burdens, concurrently reducing life expectancy [ 1 ]. This disorder, marked by insulin resistance …

Craniopharyngioma (CP) is a rare solid epithelial tumor localized in the sellar and/or suprasellar region [ 1 ]. Ninety-four per cent of the tumors had an extrasellar component and 23% of them were associated with hydrocephalus [ 2 ]. Therefore …

In 2012, based on whole-exome sequencing, the Illumina-Golden Gate assay, and linkage analysis techniques, Bonnefond et al. [ 1 ] reported that the KCNJ11 gene was identified and reported as a new MODY-causing gene isoform for the first time. Since …

In light of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes, which are particularly prevalent in developed countries and many emerging regions, insulin resistance has garnered increasing attention as a pivotal etiological factor. Insulin resistance …

Invasion of the cavernous sinus by pituitary adenomas impedes complete surgical resection, compromises biochemical remission, and increases the risk of further tumor recurrence. Accurate preoperative MRI-based diagnosis or intraoperative direct …

Diabetes has become a major health problem worldwide with mortality risk increasing sharply in recent decades [ 1 ]. A sensible diet has become the cornerstone of the management of diabetes patients in combination with pharmacologic therapy.

Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is an autoimmune disease of the retro-orbital tissues that is closely related to Graves’ disease, which is the most common orbital disease in adults. It ranks first in the incidence of …

Osteoporosis is a common generalized skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture [ 1 ]. The annual incidence of fractures caused by osteoporosis exceeds 1.5 million in the …

Cardiovascular complication is the major cause of death in diabetic patients. For reduced cardiovascular risk, both the guidelines for prevention and management of diabetes and hypertension have recommended the blood pressure (BP) target for …

In recent decades, thyroid carcinoma (THCA) incidence has increased globally due to widespread imaging tests, ranking as the 9th most common cancer worldwide [ 1 – 4 ]. Despite most cases being well-differentiated and slow-progressing, recurrence …

Growth hormone (GH) secretion, synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland, is regulated by the coordinated action of GH GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and Somatostatin (SS) which respectively stimulates and inhibits its release [ 1 ]. GH secretion is …

Thyroid carcinoma accounts for 0.5% to 3% of malignant neoplasms in childhood and adolescence [ 1 ]. However, its incidence is increasing, making it the most common cancer of the endocrine system in children and young adults [ 2 ], predominantly in …

Thyroid nodules are frequent in the general population, especially in women older than 50 years [ 1 – 3 ]. They are usually benign and asymptomatic, and patients with benign thyroid nodules can be followed up by ultrasound without the need for …

Riedel’s thyroiditis is a rare inflammatory-sclerosing thyroid disease, and its aetiology remains unknown. After a surgical biopsy to establish the diagnosis, the treatment of Riedel’s thyroiditis is still challenging in most patients. The aim of …

The escalating prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a pressing public health issue, with projections indicating a substantial increase in diagnosed cases over the next two decades [ 1 ]. Similarly, the World Health Organization …

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic metabolic disease. When T2D is uncontrolled, it can increase the risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. According to recent estimates, diabetes affects 537 million people worldwide, and the …

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common adrenal insufficiency in childhood, is caused by genetic variations affecting the enzymes involved in cortisol biosynthesis and is an autosomal recessive disorder [ 1 ].

Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare endocrine malignancy and one of the causes of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), accounting for 0.5–5% of PHPT [ 1 ]. The poor prognosis of PC is firstly due to the failure to diagnose it in time, as well as …

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequent cancers in men worldwide, and it is an important cause of mortality. Prostate cancer patients, like other cancer patients, undergo imaging procedures, with [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 (prostate-specific …

In recent years, the potential of stem cells (SCs) to differentiate into various types of cells, including β-cells, has led to a significant boost in development. The efficiency of this differentiation process and the functionality of the cells …