Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Questionnaires
Clinical data
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Variable | Total (n = 2,394) | Screening positive (n = 723) | Screening negative (n = 1,671) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic data | ||||
Male sex | 50.6% (n = 1,213) | 34.0% (n = 246) | 57.9% (n = 967) | < 0.0001 |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 15.4 (2.0) | 15.7 (2.1) | 15.3 (2.0) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes duration, years, mean (SD) | 6.4 (4.1) | 6.8 (4.1) | 6.2 (4.1) | 0.011 |
Migration background | 20.6% (n = 494) | 25.0% (n = 181) | 18.7% (n = 313) | 0.006 |
BMI-SDS, mean (SD) (total n = 2,316) | 0.63 (1.03) | 0.75 (1.01) | 0.57 (1.04) | 0.0004 |
Overweight, BMI > P90* (total n = 2,316) | 26.1% (n = 605) | 31.5% (n = 220) | 23.8% (n = 385) | 0.002 |
Diabetes specific data | ||||
HbA1c, mean (SD) [%] [mmol/mol] | 7.6 (1.4) 59.5 (14.9) | 7.9 (1.5) 62.9 (16.0) | 7.5 (1.3) 58.0 (14.1) | < 0.0001 |
MDI | 46.1% (n = 1,103) | 44.3% (n = 320) | 46.9% (n = 783) | 1.0 |
CSII | 40.2% (n = 963) | 41.1% (n = 297) | 39.9% (n = 666) | 1.0 |
AID | 8.3% (n = 199) | 9.1% (n = 66) | 8.0% (n = 133) | 1.0 |
CGM | 80.8% (n = 1,934) | 81.5% (n = 589) | 80.5% (n = 1,345) | 1.0 |
Severe hypoglycemia (≤ 3 months) | 1.2% (n = 28) | 1.5% (n = 11) | 1.0% (n = 17) | 1.0 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Previous/current depressive disorder | 3.7% (n = 89) | 8.0% (n = 58) | 1.9% (n = 31) | < 0.0001 |
Previous /current anxiety disorder | 1.6% (n = 38) | 2.8% (n = 20) | 1.1% (n = 18) | 0.026 |
Diagnosis of AD(H)D | 3.3% (n = 80) | 5.0% (n = 36) | 2.6% (n = 44) | 0.034 |
Diagnosis of schizophrenia, borderline, psychosis | 2.7% (n = 65) | 5.5% (n = 40) | 1.5% (n = 25) | < 0.0001 |
Celiac disease | 6.4% (n = 152) | 6.5% (n = 47) | 6.3% (n = 105) | 1.0 |
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | 7.4% (n = 176) | 9.4% (n = 68) | 6.5% (n = 108) | 0.102 |
Hypothyroidism | 9.1% (n = 218) | 9.1% (n = 66) | 9.1% (n = 152) | 1.0 |
Thyroid autoantibody (total n = 2,097) | 18.4% (n = 385) | 20.5% (n = 130) | 17.4% (n = 255) | 0.796 |
Self-harm or suicidal ideations (PHQ-9, item 9 ≥ 1) | 11.3% (n = 270) | 32.4% (n = 234) | 2.2% (n = 36) | < 0.0001 |
Lifestyle factors | ||||
Smoking (total n = 1,353) | 3.0% (n = 41) | 5.3% (n = 23) | 2.0% (n = 18) | 0.012 |
Sports participation (total n = 1,383) | 58.4% (n = 807) | 50.6% (n = 222) | 62.0% (n = 585) | 0.001 |
aOR (adjusted for age, HbA1c, and diabetes duration) | p | |
---|---|---|
Sociodemographic data | ||
Female sex | 2.66 (2.21–3.19) | < 0.0001 |
Migration background | 1.46 (1.17–1.81) | 0.0006 |
Age > 15 y vs. ≤15 y | 1.40 (1.16–1.68) | 0.0004 |
Overweight > 90. percentile vs. ≤90 p | 1.40 (1.14–1.71) | 0.0013 |
Diabetes duration > 1 y vs. ≤1 y | 1.18 (0.99–1.42) | 0.073 |
Diabetes duration > 5 y vs. ≤5 y | 1.30 (1.08–1.57) | 0.073 |
Diabetes control | ||
HbA1c > 7.0–9.0% vs. ≤7.0% [> 53–75 mmol/mol] | 1.66 (1.19–2.12) | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c > 9.0% vs. ≤7.0% [> 75 mmol/mol] | 2.58 (1.83–3.64) | < 0.0001 |
Severe hypoglycemia (last 3 months) | 1.59 (0.72–3.50) | 0.250 |
Ketoacidosis (last 3 months) | 0.79 (0.08–7.43) | 0.835 |
MDI | 0.97 (0.81–1.18) | 0.781 |
CSII | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.625 |
AID | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | 0.257 |
CGM use | 1.08 (0.86–1.36) | 0.508 |
Comorbidities | ||
Previous/current clinical diagnosis of depression | 3.95 (2.50–6.26) | < 0.0001 |
Previous/current anxiety disorder | 2.20 (1.13–4.29) | 0.020 |
Diagnosis of AD(H)D | 2.81 (1.76–4.47) | < 0.0001 |
Diagnosis of schizophrenia/ borderline/psychosis | 4.24 (2.50–7.19) | < 0.0001 |
Hypothyroidism | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.196 |
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | 1.19 (0.86–1.66) | 0.291 |
Thyroid autoantibodies | 1.00 (0.78–1.27) | 0.980 |
Celiac disease | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 0.610 |
Self-harm/suicidal ideations | ||
PHQ-9, item9, Score = 1 | 18.37 (11.39–29.62) | < 0.0001 |
PHQ-9, item9, Score > 1 | 41.09 (12.05–140.14) | < 0.0001 |
Lifestyle factors | ||
Smoking | 2.72 (1.41–5.23) | 0.0027 |
Sports participation | 0.65 (0.51–0.82) | 0.0003 |