Patients require early sequential blood culture surveillance to ensure cardiac and extracardiac (metastatic) infection control. It is reasonable to obtain a new set of antibiotics 48–72 h after surgery in patients that are evolving satisfactorily. It is exceptional that after an appropriate cardiac intervention, the source of persistent positive blood cultures remains at the valve level. In the event uncontrolled infection is documented at repeat blood cultures, whole-body computed tomography is justified to rule out the presence of other foci that may require intervention (spondylodiscitis, splenic abscess, retroperitoneal abscess, etc.). Duration of antibiotics after successful surgery for AIE is based on results from retrieved surgical specimens, which is mandatory. Appropriate therapy has positive impact on the risk of recurrence, relapse, and infection-related mortality. The three major features are a correct dose, the antimicrobial agent, and its duration. However, there are concerns as prolonged therapy may be associated to adverse events such as neutropenia, eosinophilia, rash, and
Clostridiodes difficile infection due to disruption of microbiome [
85]. Furthermore, and despite its beneficial event, it seems that prolonged therapy has no significant effect on recurrence or mortality [
86]. On the other hand, short courses of postoperative antibiotic regimes did not result in differences in mortality, relapse, or reinfection in specific cases of IE [
86,
87]. Despite this, the total duration of antibiotics will be counted since the start of appropriate antibiotic regime to the causative agent. However, if sample cultures obtained intraoperatively are still positive, the clock is reset at day 0 from the operation and a new antimicrobial course will be started. It is important to differentiate culture-positive scenarios from obtaining a positive result at molecular tests (e.g., 16S PCR) as genetic material may remain longer despite non-viable bacteria and this should not alter duration of postoperative antibiotics. Transition to oral antibiotics and early discharge should be considered once the patients reach stability from a medical and cardiovascular surgical standpoint. In summary, there are still no established guidelines as regards the duration of postoperative antibiotic therapy, but recent guidelines support new therapy course when the valve culture is positive [
1]. Although individual institutional practices may also vary and in the absence of fever of other signs of suspected infection, blood cultures will be performed before discharge and at 3, 6, and 12 months. With regard to the expected duration of antibiotic therapy after surgery, drug treatment of PVE should last longer (≥ 6 weeks) than that of native valve endocarditis (NVE) (2–6 weeks) but is otherwise similar. Those regimens may change according to the pathogen as specific antibiotic associations might be required. In NVE needing valve replacement during antibiotic therapy, the post-operative antibiotic regimen should be that recommended for NVE, as defined by guidelines [
1].