Introduction
Total-body PET studies
PET scanner | Radiotracer | No | (Voxels, time-frames) | Subject type | Site | Temporal sequences | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
uEXPLORER | \({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 1 | \((236\times 236\times 679,187)\) | Healthy | [a] | \(60\times 1s,30\times 2s,20\times 3s,12\times 10s,50\times 30s,15\times 120s\) | [64] |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 11 | \((236\times 236\times 679,97)\) | Healthy | [a] | \(24\times 5s,73\times 60s\) | [29] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 30 | \((236\times 236\times 679,60)\) | Healthy | [a] | \(36\times 5s,24\times 180s\) | ||
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 35 | \((236\times 236\times 679,55)\) | Cancer | [a] | \(36\times 5s,19\times 180s\) | [67] | |
[\({}^{68}\)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 | 19 | \((192\times 192\times \) NA,NA) | Malignancy | [a] | [58] | ||
[\({}^{68}\)Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE | 7 | \((192\times 192\times \) NA,55) | Cancer | [a] | \(36\times 5s,19\times 180s\) | [68] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 7 | \((192\times 192\times 672,70)\) | Cancer | [b] | \(30\times 5s,15\times 30s,25\times 120s\) | [69] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 28 | \((192\times 192\times 672,66)\) | Healthy/cancer | [b] | \(24\times 5s,6\times 10s,6\times 30s,6\times 60s,24\times 120s\) | [70] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 15 | \((192\times 192\times 673,25)\) | Cancer | [b] | \(1\times 30s,3\times 10s,4\times 30s,5\times 60s,4\times 180s,8\times 300s\) | [31] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 200 | \((192\times 192\times 673,98)\) | Healthy/cancer | [b] | \(50\times 2s,20\times 10s,10\times 30s,10\times 60s,8\times 300s\) | [71] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 13 | \((150\times 150\times 486,120)\) | Healthy | [c] | \(60\times 1s,30\times 2s,6\times 10s,6\times 30s,12\times 120s,6\times 300s\) | [72] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 21 | \((150\times 150\times 486,66)\) | Healthy/cancer | [c] | \(30\times 2s,12\times 10s,6\times 30s,12\times 120s,6\times 300s\) | [73] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 10 | \((150\times 150\times 486,29)\) | Healthy/cancer | [d] | \(6\times 10s,2\times 30s,6\times 60s,5\times 120s,4\times 180s,6\times 300s\) | [54] | |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 7 | (NA,120) | COVID-19 | [d] | \(60\times 1s,30\times 2s,6\times 10s,6\times 30s,12\times 120s,6\times 300s\) | [74] | |
\({}^{11}\)C-Butanol | 3 | (NA,29) | Healthy/peripheral artery disease | [d] | \(12\times 5s,6\times 10s,6\times 30s,5\times 300s\) | [75] | |
\({}^{89}\)Zr-Df-Crefmirlimab | 8 | \((512\times 512\times \) NA,46) | Healthy/COVID-19 | [d] | \(6\times 60s,16\times 30s,2\times 60s,12\times 120s,10\times 300s\) | ||
\({}^{18}\)F-Fluciclovine | 37 | \((256\times 256\times \) NA, NA) | Cancer | [d] | [62] | ||
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 30 | \((360\times 360\times 672,92)\) | Cancer | [e] | \(30\times 2s,12\times 5s,6\times 10s,4\times 30s,25\times 60s,15\times 120s\) | [76] | |
\({}^{68}\)Ga-FAPI-04 | 9 | \((239\times 239\times 679,92)\) | Cancer | [f] | \(30\times 2s,12\times 5s,6\times 10s,4\times 30s,25\times 60s,15\times 120s\) | [56] | |
\({}^{68}\)Ga-FAPI-04 | 13 | \((360\times 360\times \)NA,92) | Cancer | [f] | \(30\times 2s,12\times 5s,6\times 10s,4\times 30s,25\times 60s,15\times 120s\) | [57] | |
[\({}^{11}\)C]methionine | 12 | (NA,67) | Multiple myeloma (MM) | [f] | \(30\times 2s,12\times 5s,6\times 10s,4\times 30s,15\times 60s\) | [63] | |
PennPET Explorer | \({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 4 | Healthy/cancer | [g] | |||
Biograph Vision Quadra | \({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 12 | \((220\times 220\times 708,31)\) | Cancer | [h] | \(6\times 10s,3\times 20s,6\times 30s,5\times 60s,11\times 300s\) | [55] |
\({}^{18}\)F-FDG | 24 | \((440\times 440\times 645,62)\) | Cancer | [i] | \(2\times 10s,30\times 2s,4\times 10s,8\times 30s,4\times 60s,5\times 120s,9\times 300s\) | ||
[\({}^{82}\)Rb]C1 | 1 | Atypical chest pain | [i] | [80] | |||
\({}^{15}\)O-H\(_2\)O | 5 | \((440\times 440\times 645,54)\) | Cancer | [j] | \(1\times 5s,30\times 1s,15\times 2s,5\times 10s,3\times 20s\) | [59] |
Opportunities and challenges in dynamic total-body PET imaging
Characteristics | Challenges/opportunities |
---|---|
Multiple organs/tissues | \(\bullet \) Tissue-specific kinetics |
\(\bullet \) Large blood pool in FOV | |
\(\bullet \) Heterogeneity | |
\(\bullet \) Delay correction | |
Higher temporal resolution | \(\bullet \) Capture fast kinetics |
Higher spatial resolution | \(\bullet \) Better image quality |
Huge data set | \(\bullet \) High computational cost |
Overview of dynamic PET quantitation
Basic equation
Region of interest versus voxel-level analysis
Arterial input function
Blood sampling
Image-derived input function
Population-based input function
Model-based input function
Kinetic model | Compartmental model | Patlak plot | Spectral analysis | Non-parametric analysis |
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Graphical representation |
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Formula | 1C: \(\frac{ d{ C }_{ 1 }(t) }{ dt } ={ K }_{ 1 }{ C }_{ p }(t)-{ k }_{ 2 }{ C }_{ 1 }(t)\) | |||
2C: \( \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \frac{ d{ C }_{ 1 } }{ dt } ={ K }_{ 1 }{ C }_{ p }(t)-({ k }_{ 2 }+k_{ 3 }){ C }_{ 1 }(t)+{ k }_{ 4 }{ C }_{ 2 }(t) \\ \\ \frac{ d{ C }_{ 2 } }{ dt } ={ k }_{ 3 }{ C }_{ 1 }(t)-{ k }_{ 4 }{ C }_{ 2 }(t) \end{array} \right. \) | \(\frac{ { C }_{ T }(t) }{ { C }_{ p }(t) } ={ K }_{ i }\frac{ \int _{ 0 }^{ t }{ { C }_{ p }(\tau )d\tau } }{ { C }_{ p }(t) } +C, t\ge { t }^{ * } \) | \({ C }_{ T}(t) = \sum _{ j=0 }^{ J }{ { \alpha }_{ j } g_j(t) },\alpha _j \ge 0 \) | \({ C }_{ T}(t) = \sum _{ j=0 }^{ J }{ { \alpha }_{ j } f_j(t) }, \alpha _j \ge 0\) | |
Residue form | 1C: \(R(t)={K}_{1}{ e }^{ -{ { k }_{ 2 }t } }\) | |||
2C: \(R(t)={K}_{1}({ \pi }_{ 1 }{ e }^{ -{ \theta }_{ 1 }t }+{ \pi }_{ 2 }{ e }^{ -{ \theta }_{ 2 }t })\) | \(R(t)=K_i, t\ge t^*\) | \(R(t)=\sum _{ j=0 }^{ J }{ { \alpha }_{ j }{ e }^{ -{ \beta }_{ j }t } }\) | \(R(t)=\sum _{ j=1 }^{ J }{ { \alpha }_{ j }I_j(t) } \) | |
Kinetic parameters | All | Only \(K_i\) | All | All |
Computation | Nonlinear least square or maximum likelihood | Ordinary least square | Non-negative least square | Quadratic programming |
Application to TB PET | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
References | [140] |