Introduction
Methods
Patients
Biochemical Assessment
Evaluation of Plaque Progression
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of the patients
Diabetes mellitus | Non-diabetes mellitus | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No PP (n = 137) | PP (n = 137) | P value | No PP (n = 205) | PP (n = 205) | P value | |
Male, n (%) | 98(71.5) | 98(71.5) | 1.000 | 152(74.1) | 152(74.1) | 1.000 |
Age, years | 66.23 ± 9.40 | 66.51 ± 9.83 | 0.807 | 64.92 ± 9.05 | 65.11 ± 9.24 | 0.833 |
Body mass index, Kg/m2 | 24.74 ± 2.88 | 25.27 ± 3.39 | 0.170 | 25.24 ± 3.27 | 24.95 ± 3.38 | 0.377 |
Cigarette smoking, n (%) | 32(23.4) | 55(40.1) | 0.003 | 49(23.9) | 73(35.6) | 0.010 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 85(62.0) | 108(78.8) | 0.002 | 138(67.3) | 161(78.5) | 0.011 |
Hyperlipidemia, (%) | 23(16.8) | 28(20.4) | 0.438 | 31(15.1) | 29(14.1) | 0.780 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 137.67 ± 18.96 | 139.28 ± 18.98 | 0.482 | 137.25 ± 19.61 | 137.59 ± 19.06 | 0.860 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 75.66 ± 13.09 | 75.70 ± 11.04 | 0.980 | 75.63 ± 11.29 | 75.41 ± 10.15 | 0.836 |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 7.09 ± 1.81 | 7.05 ± 2.32 | 0.867 | 5.40 ± 0.75 | 5.38 ± 0.70 | 0.838 |
HbA1c, % | 7.38 ± 1.26 | 7.42 ± 1.42 | 0.818 | 5.84 ± 0.46 | 5.79 ± 0.49 | 0.324 |
Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 78.60 ± 21.49 | 81.75 ± 24.31 | 0.256 | 80.00 ± 17.89 | 81.83 ± 15.91 | 0.276 |
Serum BUN, mmol/L | 6.71 ± 2.49 | 6.77 ± 3.75 | 0.882 | 6.49 ± 2.45 | 6.70 ± 2.87 | 0.430 |
Serum uric acid, µmol/L | 332.75 ± 81.50 | 345.21 ± 92.38 | 0.237 | 346.18 ± 89.17 | 347.76 ± 93.53 | 0.861 |
UACR, mg/g | 2.50(2.40–3.60) | 2.50(2.50–4.79) | 0.370 | 2.50(2.50–2.50) | 2.50(2.50–2.85) | 0.146 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 82.81 ± 17.23 | 80.40 ± 18.42 | 0.264 | 83.60 ± 19.89 | 81.21 ± 22.04 | 0.251 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.65 ± 0.86 | 1.61 ± 1.00 | 0.702 | 1.61 ± 1.19 | 1.64 ± 1.08 | 0.779 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.83 ± 1.18 | 3.91 ± 1.16 | 0.578 | 3.89 ± 1.01 | 3.94 ± 1.08 | 0.622 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.07 ± 0.28 | 1.06 ± 0.26 | 0.608 | 1.13 ± 0.28 | 1.10 ± 0.25 | 0.242 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.16 ± 0.88 | 2.36 ± 0.94 | 0.073 | 2.30 ± 0.92 | 2.33 ± 0.88 | 0.688 |
Apolipoprotein A, g/L | 1.23 ± 0.22 | 1.20 ± 0.23 | 0.308 | 1.25 ± 0.23 | 1.23 ± 0.21 | 0.335 |
Apolipoprotein B, g/L | 0.74 ± 0.21 | 0.78 ± 0.24 | 0.214 | 0.74 ± 0.22 | 0.77 ± 0.29 | 0.287 |
Lipoprotein (a), g/L | 0.24 ± 0.27 | 0.25 ± 0.26 | 0.713 | 0.27 ± 0.24 | 0.25 ± 0.24 | 0.320 |
hsCRP, mg/L | 0.73(0.34–2.14) | 1.04(0.48–3.90) | 0.007 | 0.79(0.32–1.60) | 0.97(0.44–3.73) | 0.002 |
Medication, n (%) | ||||||
ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 86(62.8) | 94(68.6) | 0.309 | 129(62.9) | 134(65.4) | 0.607 |
β-blockers | 72(52.6) | 80(58.4) | 0.331 | 130(63.4) | 124(60.5) | 0.542 |
Statins | 128(93.4) | 125(91.2) | 0.496 | 194(94.6) | 192(93.7) | 0.674 |
Metformin, (%) | 47(34.3) | 45(32.8) | 0.798 | / | / | / |
Insulin, (%) | 32(23.4) | 29(21.2) | 0.663 | / | / | / |
LP-PLA2, (ng/mL) | 130.11 ± 71.34* | 203.17 ± 147.63*## | < 0.001 | 125.22 ± 91.08 | 169.68 ± 118.67 | < 0.001 |
Follow-up | ||||||
Duration, months | 12.25 ± 0.91 | 12.29 ± 0.90 | 0.688 | 12.11 ± 0.88 | 12.18 ± 0.91 | 0.408 |
Changes in MLD, (mm) | -0.01 ± 0.14** | 0.69 ± 0.25**## | < 0.001 | -0.04 ± 0.11 | 0.57 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 |
Changes in stenosis diameter (%) | -0.09 ± 3.94** | -23.22 ± 9.70**## | < 0.001 | 1.16 ± 2.28 | -18.19 ± 3.58 | < 0.001 |
Changes in CCSS | -0.03 ± 0.09**# | -0.34 ± 0.15**## | < 0.001 | -0.01 ± 0.06 | -0.22 ± 0.04 | < 0.001 |
Association of serum Lp-PLA2 levels with plaque progression in diabetic and non-diabetic patients
Serum levels of Lp-PLA2, ng/mL | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes mellitus | Non-diabetes mellitus | ||||
r | P value | r | P value | ||
Changes in MLD | 0.406 | < 0.001 | 0.222 | < 0.001 | |
Changes in stenosis diameter | -0.404 | < 0.001 | -0.243 | < 0.001 | |
Changes in CCSS | -0.363 | < 0.001 | -0.230 | < 0.001 |
Tertiles of Lp-PLA2 levels | T1 | T2 | T3 | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes mellitus | (n = 91) | (n = 92) | (n = 91) | |
PP, n(%) | 36(39.6) | 36(39.1) | 65(71.4) | < 0.001 |
Changes in MLD, (mm) | 0.23 ± 0.37 | 0.28 ± 0.38 | 0.52 ± 0.41 | < 0.001 |
Changes in stenosis diameter, (%) | -8.39 ± 13.09 | -9.57 ± 12.78 | -17.00 ± 13.85 | < 0.001 |
Changes in CCSS | -0.13 ± 0.19 | -0.16 ± 0.19 | -0.26 ± 0.21 | < 0.001 |
Non-Diabetes mellitus | (n = 136) | (n = 138) | (n = 136) | |
PP, n(%) | 47(34.6) | 69(50.0) | 89(65.4) | < 0.001 |
Changes in MLD, (mm) | 0.16 ± 0.31 | 0.25 ± 0.32 | 0.38 ± 0.35 | < 0.001 |
Changes in stenosis diameter, (%) | -5.31 ± 9.23 | -8.29 ± 10.10 | -11.94 ± 10.02 | < 0.001 |
Changes in CCSS | -0.08 ± 0.12 | -0.11 ± 0.11 | -0.15 ± 0.12 | < 0.001 |
Multivariable logistic regression analysis
Diabetes mellitus | Non-diabetes mellitus | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | P Value | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | P Value | ||
Model1 | Body mass index | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.294 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.155 | |
Cigarette smoking | 2.05 (1.18–3.56) | 0.011 | 1.82 (1.16–2.85) | 0.009 | ||
Hypertension | 1.92 (1.09–3.37) | 0.024 | 1.91 (1.20–3.05) | 0.007 | ||
UACR, mg/g | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.514 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.927 | ||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.194 | 0.99 (0.99-1.00) | 0.262 | ||
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.75 (0.29–1.93) | 0.555 | 0.66 (0.30–1.43) | 0.289 | ||
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.30 (0.98–1.74) | 0.073 | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) | 0.768 | ||
Log-transferred hsCRP | 1.53 (1.00-2.36) | 0.052 | 2.02 (1.41–2.90) | < 0.001 | ||
Statins | 0.72 (0.28–1.86) | 0.500 | 0.69 (0.29–1.64) | 0.403 | ||
Model2 | Body mass index | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.349 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.210 | |
Cigarette smoking | 1.87 (1.04–3.36) | 0.035 | 1.61 (1.01–2.55) | 0.044 | ||
Hypertension | 2.17 (1.19–3.98) | 0.012 | 1.84 (1.14–2.98) | 0.013 | ||
UACR, mg/g | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.292 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.878 | ||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 0.99 (0.97-1.00) | 0.141 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.335 | ||
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.92 (0.34–2.53) | 0.877 | 0.51 (0.23–1.15) | 0.106 | ||
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.16 (0.85–1.57) | 0.351 | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 0.992 | ||
Log-transferred hsCRP | 1.67 (1.06–2.63) | 0.027 | 1.99 (1.37–2.88) | < 0.001 | ||
Statins | 0.76 (0.28–2.06) | 0.591 | 0.83(0.34–2.03) | 0.682 | ||
Tertiles of Lp-PLA2 level | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
T1 | 1(reference) | / | 1(reference) | / | ||
T2 | 2.06 (1.01–4.19) | 0.046 | 1.72 (1.03–2.86) | 0.037 | ||
T3 | 7.01 (3.27–15.04) | < 0.001 | 3.27 (1.97–5.43) | < 0.001 |