Background
Methods
Echocardiographic examinations
Pre and post-ejection tissue velocities: patterns, predominance and concordance
Statistical methods
Results
HFpEF (n = 52) | HFrEF (n = 32) | Normal (n = 42) | Age matched Control (n = 26) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 58.1 ± 8.2 | 56.7 ± 8 | 27.3 ± 3.95 | 53 ± 11.474 | < 0.001 #‡€ |
Sex, (female), n(%) | 19(37) | 9(28) | 5(12) | 17(65) | < 0.001 |
Diabetic, n(%) | 21(40) | 11(34) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0.009 |
Hypertensive, n(%) | 23(44) | 12(38) | 0(0) | 8(31) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia, n(%) | 8(15) | 3(9) | 0(0) | 1(4) | 0.292 |
Smoker, n(%) | 14(27) | 8(25) | 0(0) | 4(15) | 0.037 |
Coronary artery disease, n(%) | 17(33) | 16(50) | 0(0) | 2(8) | < 0.001 |
PCI, n(%) | 8(15) | 9(19) | 0(0) | 1(4) | 0.210 |
CABG, n(%) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1.000 |
NYHA (1/2/3/4), n(%) | 4(8)/31(60)/15(29)/0(0) | 1(3)/18(56)/11(34)/2(6) | - | - | |
E (cm/s) | 75 ± 27 | 88.7 ± 21.5 | 82.7 ± 16.7 | 71 ± 18.5 | 0.011*$ |
A (cm/s) | 81.8 ± 20.7 | 71.2 ± 33.8 | 56 ± 8.1 | 76.2 ± 21.6 | < 0.001¶€ |
EDV (ml) | 99.2 ± 21.7 | 152.5 ± 54.3 | 95.4 ± 17.8 | 87.8 ± 19.3 | < 0.001*‡$ |
ESV (ml) | 35.4 ± 10.3 | 96.2 ± 49.8 | 32.2 ± 7.7 | 30.7 ± 10 | < 0.001*‡$ |
EF (%) | 65 ± 5.1 | 38.9 ± 9.2 | 66.3 ± 5.1 | 61.5 ± 4.7 | < 0.001*‡$€ |
e'-septal (cm/s) | 6.5 ± 1.9 | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 11 ± 2.4 | 8.6 ± 2.3 | < 0.001#¶‡$€ |
S'-Septal (cm/s) | 7.5 ± 1.5 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 8.27 ± 1.8 | < 0.001*‡$ |
e'-lateral (cm/s) | 8.4 ± 2.8 | 7.1 ± 2.5 | 14 ± 2.8 | 10.9 ± 2.8 | < 0.001*‡$€ |
S'-lateral (cm/s) | 7.9 ± 2 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 10.1 ± 2 | 8.9 ± 1.9 | < 0.001*#‡$ |
e'-mean (cm/s) | 7.5 ± 2.2 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | 12.5 ± 2.5 | 9.8 ± 2.4 | < 0.001#¶‡$€ |
S’-mean (cm/s) | 7.7 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 9.2 ± 1.6 | 8.5 ± 1.6 | < 0.001*#‡$ |
E/A | 0.96 ± 0.45 | 1.41 ± 0.77 | 1.52 ± 0.41 | 0.96 ± 0.25 | < 0.001*#$€ |
E/e' | 10.7 ± 4.4 | 14.6 ± 4.55 | 6.63 ± 0.83 | 7.6 ± 1.73 | < 0.001*#¶‡$ |
PREp (septal), (cm/s) | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 7.9 ± 2.3 | 7.8 ± 2.1 | < 0.001*‡$ |
PREn (septal), (cm/s) | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 0.793 |
POEn (septal), (cm/s) | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 0.98 | 4.5 ± 1 | 4.2 ± 1.2 | < 0.001*#¶‡$ |
POEp (septal), (cm/s) | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.002#‡ |
PREp (lateral), (cm/s) | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 4.1 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 2.4 | < 0.001*¶‡$ |
PREn (lateral), (cm/s) | 4 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 3 ± 1.08 | 0.014¶ |
POEn (lateral), (cm/s) | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | < 0.001*#‡$€ |
POEp (lateral), (cm/s) | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | < 0.001#¶‡$ |
PREp (mean), (cm/s) | 6.3 ± 2.2 | 4.3 ± 1.6 | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 7.2 ± 1.9 | < 0.001*‡$ |
PREn (mean), (cm/s) | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 0.96 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 0.016¶ |
POEn (mean), (cm/s) | 3.3 ± 1 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | < 0.001*#‡$ |
POEp (mean), (cm/s) | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.99 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 1.98 ± 0.63 | 0.005¶€ |
PREp/PREn (PRE-P/N) | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 1.03 | 2.5 ± 1.05 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | < 0.001#¶‡$ |
POEn/POEp (POE-N/P) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 1.04 | 2.2 ± 1.07 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | < 0.001#¶‡$ |
PREp-mean/S’-mean | 0.82 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.22 | 0.182 |
LBBB, n(%)(**) | 1(2%) | 7(22%) | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 0.519 |
RBBB, n(%)(**) | 3(6%) | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 1(4%) | 0.626 |
IVCD, n(%)(**) | 0(0%) | 4(13%) | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 0.041 |
QRS duration, ms | 84.4 ± 12.7 | 96.2 ± 24 | 72.6 ± 11 | 79.2 ± 18 | < 0.001*‡$ |
Pre and post-ejection phases in patients and controls
Concordance between biphasic velocities of pre and post-ejection phases in patients and controls
PREp and POEn (Normal, n = 96) | PREn and POEn (PRE reversed, n = 5) | PREp and POEp (POE reversed, n = 31) | PREn and POEp (Totally reversed, n = 18) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 46.7 ± 15.4 | 53 ± 17.9 | 57.4 ± 6.92 | 58.9 ± 9.6 | < 0.001#¶ |
Sex, (female), n(%) | 29 | 2 | 12 | 6 | 0.671 |
HFpEF/HFrEF/ Normal/Control, n(%) | 28/6/39/23 | 4/0/1/0 | 17/12/1/1 | 3/13/1/0 | < 0.001 |
NYHA (I/II/III/IV), n(%) | 3/24/6/1 | 0/2/2/0 | 3/16/9/0 | 0/7/9/0 | 0.015 |
NYHA (mean ± SD) | 1.6 ± 1 | 2 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 0.001#¶ |
E (cm/s) | 74.3 ± 19.1 | 95.4 ± 25.9 | 80.6 ± 23.2 | 97.5 ± 30.7 | 0.001¶ |
A (cm/s) | 71.9 ± 22.7 | 68.3 ± 17.5 | 85.8 ± 25.1 | 62.1 ± 27.3 | 0.01#€ |
EDV (ml) | 98.1 ± 24.6 | 113.7 ± 29.7 | 115.7 ± 37.57 | 158.5 ± 67.1 | < 0.001¶$€ |
ESV (ml) | 36.8 ± 18.6 | 36.4 ± 3.5 | 57.4 ± 36.4 | 98 ± 66.7 | < 0.001¶$€ |
EF (%) | 62.8 ± 8.7 | 67 ± 4.9 | 56.4 ± 14 | 44.1 ± 14.9 | < 0.001#¶$€ |
e'-mean (cm/s) | 9.8 ± 3.1 | 8.5 ± 4.1 | 7 ± 1.9 | 6 ± 1.9 | < 0.001#¶ |
S’-mean (cm/s) | 8.3 ± 1.8 | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 1.15 | < 0.001¶$ |
E/A | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.53 ± 0.73 | 0.98 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.87 | < 0.001¶€ |
E/e' | 7.9 ± 2.4 | 12.8 ± 5.4 | 12.2 ± 3.7 | 17.1 ± 5.3 | < 0.001#¶€ |
PREp (mean), (cm/s) | 6.9 ± 1.9 | 4.4 ± 0.97 | 5.9 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | < 0.001*#¶€ |
PREn (mean), (cm/s) | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | < 0.001*#¶ |
POEn (mean), (cm/s) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | < 0.001#¶ |
POEp (mean), (cm/s) | 2.3 ± 0.87 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 2.97 ± 0.82 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | < 0.001#¶‡$€ |
PREp /PREn (PRE-P/N ratio) | 2.4 ± 0.97 | 0.98 ± 0.2 | 1.64 ± 0.56 | 0.9 ± 0.17 | < 0.001*#¶€ |
POEn/POEp (POE-N/P ratio) | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 0.68 ± 0.21 | < 0.001#¶ |
PREp-mean/S’-mean | 0.87 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.61 ± 0.17 | < 0.001*¶ |
QRS duration, ms (**) | 79.5 ± 19.7 | 73.6 ± 3.1 | 87.4 ± 23.4 | 98.4 ± 23.2 | 0.028*# |
LBBB, n(%)(**) | 2(6%) | 0(0%) | 3(10%) | 3(18%) | 0.519 |
RBBB, n(%)(**) | 1(3%) | 0(0%) | 2(7%) | 0(0%) | 0.626 |
IVCD, n(%)(**) | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 1(3%) | 3(18%) | 0.041 |
Correlations for biphasic pre and post-ejection waves
HFpEF (n = 52) | HFrEF (n = 32) | Normal (n = 42) | Age matched Control (n = 26) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | R | p | r | P | r | p | |
PREp (mean) vs. POEn (mean) | 0.561 | < 0.001 | 0.421 | 0.018 | 0.521 | < 0.001 | 0.786 | < 0.001 |
PREn (mean) vs. POEp (mean) | 0.425 | 0.005 | 0.611 | < 0.001 | 0.253 | 0.107 | 0.419 | 0.042 |
PREp/PREn (PRE-P/N) vs. POEn/POEp (POE-N/P) | 0.292 | 0.036 | 0.896 | < 0.001 | 0.736 | < 0.001 | 0.483 | 0.019 |
Versus E/e’ | ||||||||
PREp (mean), (cm/s) | 0.513 | < 0.001 | 0.4 | 0.025 | 0.04 | 0.843 | 0.02 | 0.928 |
PREn (mean), (cm/s) | 0.07 | 0.609 | 0.144 | 0.439 | 0.177 | 0.377 | 0.06 | 0.770 |
POEn (mean), (cm/s) | 0.432 | 0.002 | 0.256 | 0.165 | 0.142 | 0.481 | 0.04 | 0.853 |
POEp (mean), (cm/s) | 0.136 | 0.342 | 0.363 | 0.045 | 0.174 | 0.385 | 0.042 | 0.844 |
PREp/PREn (IC-P/N ratio) | 0.55 | < 0.001 | 0.54 | 0.002 | 0.20 | 0.315 | 0.06 | 0.774 |
POEn/POEp (IR-N/P ratio) | 0.3 | 0.034 | 0.45 | 0.012 | 0.225 | 0.259 | 0.05 | 0.800 |
Versus EF | ||||||||
PREp (mean), (cm/s) | 0.068 | 0.631 | 0.413 | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.888 | 0.253 | 0.211 |
PREn (mean), (cm/s) | 0.075 | 0.596 | 0.189 | 0.308 | 0.232 | 0.139 | 0.172 | 0.400 |
POEn (mean), (cm/s) | 0.169 | 0.230 | 0.290 | 0.113 | 0.085 | 0.59 | 0.366 | 0.07 |
POEp (mean), (cm/s) | 0.084 | 0.552 | 0.173 | 0.353 | 0.211 | 0.180 | 0.202 | 0.323 |
PREp/PREn (IC-P/N ratio) | 0.116 | 0.414 | 0.230 | 0.222 | 0.225 | 0.152 | 0.103 | 0.631 |
POEn/POEp (IR-N/P ratio) | 0.045 | 0.750 | 0.036 | 0.849 | 0.180 | 0.255 | 0.106 | 0.940 |
Correlations of the pre and post-ejection waves versus E/e’ and EF
Reproducibility
Inter-observer variability | Intra-observer variability | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICC | p-value | Difference | ICC | p-value | Difference | |
PREp, cm/s | 0.94 | < 0.001 | 0.03 ± 0.93 | 0.97 | < 0.001 | 0.11 ± 0.57 |
PREn, cm/s | 0.84 | < 0.001 | -0.72 ± 0.67 | 0.93 | < 0.001 | -0.22 ± 0.45 |
POEn, cm/s | 0.91 | < 0.001 | -0.53 ± 0.38 | 0.93 | < 0.001 | -0.17 ± 0.31 |
POEp, cm/s | 0.88 | < 0.001 | 0.01 ± 0.38 | 0.89 | < 0.001 | 0.02 ± 0.34 |