Introduction
Method
Results
Study | Location | Male/female | Average age | Imaging methods | Analysis method | RT3DE analysis planes | Analysis | RT3DE beat number | Statistics | Disease conditions | Outcomes measures | Quality | Interval between RT3DE and CMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avegliano, Costabel [17] | Argentina | 35/13 | 57.4 | RT3DE (matrix-array transducer X4, Phillips iE33) CMR (SIGMA-CVi1.5) | RT3DE (QLAB 8.0, Philips medical systems) CMR (MASS, MEDIS Medical Imaging Systems) | Biplane | Semi-automatic, manual tracing using modified simpsons rule | 4 beat | Students t test, Chi square test, Lin method for concordance, Bland–Altman analysis for bias | Ventricular hypertrophy (nonobstructive septal hypertrophy, obstructive septal hypertrophy, apical hypertrophy) | LVM | High | Within 7 days |
Bech-Hanssen, Polte [18] | Sweden | 70/13 | 56.5 | RT3DE (Vivid E9, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, 3D matrix-array transducer) CMR (Achieva, Philips Healthcare, five-channel phased-array cardiac coil) | RT3DE [EchoPAC (4DLVQ, GE Healthcare)] CMR [ViewForum (Philips Healthcare)] | biplane | Semi-automatic, manual tracing using modified simpsons rule | 4–6 beats | Pearson correlation coefficient for concordance, paired students t test, Wilcoxon rank test, Friedmans test | Aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | High | Within 4 h |
Bicudo, Tsutsui [19] | Brazil | 32 | RT3DE (X4 Matrix-array transducer, SONOS 7500, Philips Medical Systems) CMR (Sigma CV/i, General Electric Medical Systems) | RT3DE [Q-Lab versions 4.0 and 4.2.1 (Philips Medical Systems)] CMR [Report Card (General Electric Medical Systems)] | Multiplane | Semi-automatic, manual tracing using modified simpsons rule | 4 beat | Students t test, Chi square test, Lins agreement for concordance, Bland–Altman for bias, inter-observer and intra-observer variability | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF, LVM | Moderate | 93 ± 47 days | |
Caiani, Corsi [20] | USA | 13/8 | 48 | RT3DE [matrix-array transducer (X 4)] CMR [1.5 T scanner (General Electric)] | RT3DE (not specified) CMR (MASS Analysis, General Electric) | Multiplane | Automatic, manual tracing using modified simpsons rule | 4 beat | Paired t test, Pearson correlation, SEE, Bland–Altman for bias | Coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, aortic disease, right atrial mass, mitral valve regurgitation | LVM | Moderate | Within 24 h |
Chang, Kim [28] | South Korea | 58/11 | 58.2 | RT3DE [Acuson SC2000; Siemens Medical Solutions, acquisition transducer (4Z1c)] CMR [1.5-Tscanner (Magnetom Avanto, syngo MR; Siemens Healthcare)] | RT3DE [(Volume Cardiac Analysis Package—Volume Left Ventricular Analysis version 1.6) on the SC2000 system] CMR (Argus version 4.02; Siemens Healthcare) | Multiplane | Automatic contouring algorithm with manual adjustments for endocardial border, manual tracing of epicardial border, automated analysis | Bland–Altman for bias, intraclass correlation coefficient for concordance | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | LVM | High | Within 24 h | |
Driessen, Kort [29] | Netherlands | 19/16 | 49.7 | RT3DE [Philips-iE33 with X5–1 5 MHz transducer (Philips Medical Systems)] CMR [1.5-Tesla or Philips Ingenia 1.5-Tesla scanner (Philips Medical Systems)] | RT3DE [Qlab version 8.1 (Philips Medical Systems)], CMR [Philips Cardiac Explorer (Philips EWS (release 2.6)] | Semi-automatic, border detection with manual adjustments | Students t test, Bland–Altman analysis, ICC for concordance | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, myocarditis, ischaemic heart disease | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | Moderate | Within 8 h | ||
Gopal, Chukwu [22] | USA | 35/36 | 56 | RT3DE [matrix array transducer (2 × 4 MHz) (X4, Philips Imaging Systems)] CMR (1.5-T scanner (Sonata, Siemens) | RT3DE (TomTec Imaging Systems GmbH) CMR (Medis Mass) | Multiplane | Semi-automatic | 4 beat | Pearsons correlation, linear regression, Bland–Altman analysis | Normal | RVESV, RVEDV, RVEF | High | |
Grapsa, O'Regan [31] | UK | 17/63 | 42.8 | RT3DE (GE Vivid 7 scanner (Horton Norway) equipped with a central X4 transducer) CMR (1.5 T Philips Achieva system) | RT3DE (4D analysis, TomTec) CMR [View Forum software (Philips)] | Semi-automatic | 2.5 beat | Students t test, intraclass correlation for concordance, Bland–Altman analysis | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | RVESV, RVEDV, RVEF | Moderate | Within 2 h | |
Jaochim Nesser, Sugeng [23] | USA | 17/14 | 60 | RT3DE [SONOS 7500, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Massachusetts, USA equipped with a fully sampled matrix-array transducer (64)] CMR (1.5-T scanner (Sonata, Siemens) | Both analysed with 4D-LV Analysis software (TomTec Imaging Systems) | Semi-automatic | 4 beat | Paired t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman for bias | Normal, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | Moderate | Within 24 h | |
Jenkins, Bricknell [45] | Australia | 41/9 | 64 | RT3DE [matrix-array ultrasonographic transducer (X4 transducer, Philips Sonos 7500 system, Andover, Massachusetts)] CMR [Sonata 1.5-T scanner (Siemens)] | RT3DE (4D analysis, Tomtec Gmbh) CMR [Cardiac Image Modelling software (CIM version 4.2)] | Multiplane | Semi-automatic border detection | 4 beat | Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis | Normal, regional wall motion abnormality, hypertension | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF, LVM | High | Within 1 h |
Kim, Cohen [24] | USA | 21/6 | 61 | RT3DE (iE33 echocardiographic system (Philips Medical Systems, X3-1 matrix-array transducer) CMR (1.5-T MRI Siemens Symphony scanner) | RT3DE (TomTec Imaging Systems) CMR (Argus; Siemens Medical Systems) | Multiplane | Semi-automatic with manual tracing and automatic detection | 3–5 beats | Linear regression with Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis | Ischaemic cardiomyopathy, non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, myocardial infarction | RVESV, RVEDV, RVEF | Moderate | 7.3 ± 11.9 days |
Kuhl, Schreckenberg [36] | Germany | RT3DE (Sonos 7500, Philips, X4, Philips) CMR (1.5-T scanner (Intera, Philips) | RT3DE (CardioView RT, TomTec) CMR (manual) | Multiplane | Semi-automatic with manual tracing and automatic border detection and volume quantification | 4 beats | Pearson correlation, Bland–Altman analysis | Normal, dilated cardiomyopathy, ischaemic cardiomyopathy | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | Moderate | Within 24 h | ||
Leibundgut, Rohner [37] | Switzerland | 70/18 | 50 | RT3DE (Philips iE33 ultrasound system equipped with a matrix-array X3-1 transducer) CMR [1.5-T magnet (Mag- netom Avanto or Espree; Siemens Medical Solutions)] | RT3DE (4D RV-Function CAP 1.1; TomTec Imaging Systems) CMR (Argus; Siemens Medical Solutions) | Multiplane | Automatic with manual correction | 7 beats | Wilcoxon signed-rank test, intraclass correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis | Other cardiomyopathies, pericarditis, myocarditis | RVESV, RVEDV, RVEF | High | Within 24 h (for 97% patients) |
Li, Wang [38] | China | 10/13 | 51.6 | RT3DE [X3-1(iE33, Philips Health care) and a 4Z1C matrix array transducer (Siemens Acuson SC2000)] CMR [3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner (TimTrio; Siemens)] | RT3DE (TomTec Imaging Systems) CMR (Argus; Siemens Medical Systems) | Semi-automatic with manual tracing | 4–7 beats | Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis | Pulmonary hypertension | RVESV, RVEDV, RVEF | Moderate | Within 24 h | |
Lu, Chen [34] | Australia | 36/24 | 45 | RT3DE [GE Vivid 9 V3 4 V transducer (frequency of 1.7/3.3 MHz)] CMR [1.5 Tesla MRI system (Siemens Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions)] | RT3DE (TomTec Imaging Systems) CMR (Argus; Siemens Medical Systems) | Semi-automatic with manual tracing | 4 beats | Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis | Cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, ischaemic heart disease, perimyocarditis | RVESV, RVEDV, RVEF | High | ||
Macron, Lim [39] | France | 34/16 | 59 | RT3DE (3D matrix-array transducer [Vivid E9 scanner, 3 V-D probe (2.5 MHz)] CMR (1.5-T system (Avanto, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany), cardiac 6-element phased-array coil) | RT3DE (Echo PAC-PC, GE Healthcare) CMR (Argus, Siemens Medical Systems) | Multiplane | Automatic with manual correction | 1, 2 and 4 beats | Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis, t test | Coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | High | Within 24 h |
Marsan, Westenberg [30] | Netherlands | 37/15 | 62 | RT3DE (iE33; Philips Medical Systems equipped with an X3, fully sampled matrix transducer) CMR [1.5 T scanner equipped with powertrack 6000 gradients (Gyroscan ACS-NT/Intera; Philips Medical Systems)] | RT3DE (Q-Lab Version 6.0; Philips Medical Systems) CMR [MASS analytical software (Medis)] | Multiplane | Semi-automatic | Students t test, Pearson correlation, Bland–Altman analysis | Ischaemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular aneurism | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | High | Within 24 h | |
Miller, Pearce [32] | UK | 41/19 | 61 | RT3DE [iE33; Philips Healthcare, equipped with a 3D matrix-array transducer (X3-1)] CMR [1.5-Tesla scanner (Avanto; Siemens Medical Imaging)] | RT3DE [QLAB (3DQ Advanced, Philips)] CMR [CMRtools (Cardiovascular Imaging Solutions)] | Semi-automatic | 4 beats | Wilcoxon rank, spearman correlation, Bland–Altman analysis | Ischaemic heart disease, normal, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, pericardial disease, ascending aortic aneurysm, intra-cardiac mass | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | High | Immediately after | |
Moceri, Doyen [40] | France | 17/7 | 58 | RT3DE (X3-1 transducer, Philips iE33 xMA- TRIX echocardiography system, Philips) CMR (1.5-T scan- ner with a phased-array torso coil) | RT3DE (Xcelera workstation – 3DQ Advanced quantification tool) CMR (manual) | Semi-automatic border detection | 4 beats | z statistic for correlation, Bland–Altman analysis | Ischaemic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | Moderate | Within 24 h | |
Mor-Avi, Sugeng [25] | USA | 13/8 | 48 | RT3DE [SONOS 7500, Philips, matrix array transducer (X4, 2–4 MHz)] CMR (1.5-T scanner (General Electric) with a phased-array torso coil) | RT3DE (3DQ-QLab, Philips) CMR (MASS Analysis, General Electric) | Biplane | Semi-automatic with manual tracing | 4 beats | Paired t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman for bias | Coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, aortic abnormalities, right atrial mass, mitral valve disorder | LVM | Moderate | Within 24 h |
Oe, Hozumi [41] | Japan | 17/4 | 54 | RT3DE [Sonos 7500 system (Philips Medical Systems) using second harmonic imaging with a matrix array X4 transducer (2–4 MHz)] CMR [1.5-T whole-body scanner (Magnetom Vision, Siemens Medical Systems)] | RT3DE [4D Cardio-View (TomTec Imaging Systems)] CMR (ARGAS, Siemens Medical Systems) | Multiplane | Semi-automatic with manual tracing | 4 beats | Regression analysis, Bland–Altman analysis | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease | LVM | Moderate | |
Qi, Cogar [43] | Taiwan | 40/18 | 58.97 | RT3DE (iE33, Philips Medical Systems) equipped with a 4X matrix-array transducer) CMR (1.5 T scanner (Magnetom Sym- phony, Siemens) using a body-array coil for signal detection) | RT3DE (TomTec Echoview version 5.2) CMR (ARGUS, Siemens Medical System) | Multiplane | Semi-automatic with manual tracing | 4 beats | Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis | Coronary artery disease, normal, dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, valvular heart disease | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF, LVM | High | Within 24 h |
Shibayama, Watanabe [42] | Japan | 30/11 | 63 | RT3DE (ACUSON SC2000 volume imaging ultrasound system (Siemens Medical Solutions) with a 4Z1c volume imaging transducer CMR (Magnetom Sonata 1.5- T MR scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions) using a 6-channel phased-array body and spine coil | RT3DE [off-line Syngo® SC2000 Workplace (eSie LVA, Siemens AG)] CMR [Argus Function VA30 (Siemens Medical Solutions)] | Biplane | Automatic with manual correction and semi-automatic | 1 beat | Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis, Wilcoxon rank-signed | Normal, valvular heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, wall motion abnormalities | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | Moderate | Within 6 h |
Squeri, Censi [44] | Italy | 42/24 | RT3DE (Philips iE33 scanner with matrix-array ultrasonographic transducer (X3.1 transducer; Philips Medical Systems) CMR (.5-T Philips scanner (Achieva; Philips Medical Systems) standard body coil 5-channel phased-array cardiac coil | RT3DE [Qlab software (Version 6.0; Philips Medical Systems)] CMR (Philips ViewForum; Philips Medical Systems) | Automatic with manual correction | Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis, paired t test | Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, hypertrophic cardiopmyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | High | Within 2 days | |||
Sugeng, Mor-Avi [26] | USA, Austria, Germany | 19/9 | 53 | RT3DE (iE33 imaging system (Philips) with matrix-array transducer (X3-1) CMR (1.5-T scanner (Siemens) with a phased-array cardiac coil) | Not specified | Multiplane | Automatic with manual correction | 4 beat | Linear regression analysis, Bland–Altman analysis | Congestive heart failure, secondary pulmonary hypertension, primary arterial hypertension, congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease | LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF | Moderate | Within 24 h |
Sugeng, Mor-Avi [27] | USA, Austria, Germany | 17/14 | 60 | RT3DE [SONOS 7500 scanner (Philips) equipped with matrix-array transducer (X4)] CMR (1.5-T Sonata scanner (Siemens) with phased-array cardiac coil) | RT3DE [4D-LV Analysis software (TomTec Imaging Systems)] CMR [prototype software (TomTec)] | Multiplane | Semi-automatic | 4 beat | Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis, paired t test | Normal, coronary artery disease, dilated ventricles, apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | RVESV, RVEDV, RVEF | Moderate | Within 24 h |
Yap, van Geuns [13] | Netherlands | 13/5 | 30 | RT3DE [matrix-array transducer (X4, 2–4 MHz) connected to a commercial ultrasound system (SONOS 7500, Philips Medical Systems)] CMR [1.5-T MRI scanner with four- element phased-array receiver coil (Signa CV/I, GE Medical Systems)] | RT3DE [3DQ-Qlab (Philips Medical Systems)] CMR (CAAS-MRV, Pie Medical Imaging) | Biplane and multiplane | Semi-automatic | 4 beat | Paired t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman for bias | Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy | LVM | Moderate | Within 26 ± 14 days |
Zhang, Sun [35] | Australia, China, Hong Kong | 38/21 | 62 | RT3DE (special transducer (4Z1c) that has a matrix array, Acuson SC2000 system; Siemens Medical Solutions) CMR (1.5 T magnet (Signa Infinity Twin Speed with Excite Technology; General Electric Medical Systems), phase array coil) | RT3DE (TomTec v1.2, TomTec Imaging Systems on Acuson SC2000 system) CMR [GE ADW4.1 workstation (the ARGUS software mass analysis)] | Multiplane | Automatic with manual correction | 1 beat | Linear regression, intraclass correlation, Bland–Altman | Normal, hypertension, pulmonary heart disease, coronary heart disease | RVESV, RVEDV, RVEF | High | Within 24 h |
Variables | Studies (n) | Participants (n) | RT3DE | CMR | Mean difference (MD) | Effect size | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Relative standard deviation | Mean | Relative standard deviation | MD (95% CI) | Q test | I2 (%) | Effect size (95% CI) | Q test | I2 (%) | |||
Left ventricular end-systolic volume | 11 | 803 | 75.514 | 20.813 | 101.681 | 22.485 | − 16.499 (− 25.297, − 7.702)*** | 27.219 | 63.260** | − 0.430 (− 0.640, − 0.221)*** | 19.543 | 48.831* |
Left ventricular end-diastolic volume | 11 | 803 | 150.367 | 9.008 | 198.837 | 10.579 | − 44.989 (− 65.436, − 24.541)*** | 80.829 | 87.628*** | − 0.888 (− 1.280, − 0.495)*** | 63.795 | 84.325*** |
Left ventricular ejection fraction | 11 | 803 | 48.635 | 8.107 | 51.421 | 8.424 | − 5.064 (− 10.132, 0.004) | 129.028 | 92.250*** | − 0.523 (− 1.009, − 0.038)* | 100.973 | 90.096*** |
Left ventricular mass | 7 | 324 | 197.368 | 12.333 | 187.680 | 12.079 | 4.654 (− 4.947, 14.255) | 1.117 | 0.000 | 4.654 (− 4.947, 14.255) | 1.117 | 0.000 |
Right ventricular end-systolic volume | 7 | 518 | 74.557 | 13.349 | 83.976 | 17.506 | − 0.783 (− 5.630, 4.065) | 11.379 | 47.272 | 0.003 (− 0.244, 0.250) | 18.463 | 67.502** |
Right ventricular end-diastolic volume | 7 | 518 | 132.580 | 8.432 | 148.711 | 12.587 | − 5.478 (− 9.334, − 1.622)** | 3.546 | 0.000 | − 0.197 (− 0.333, − 0.061)** | 3.129 | 0.000 |
Right ventricular ejection fraction | 7 | 518 | 45.763 | 5.289 | 45.351 | 9.668 | − 0.200 (− 1.215, 0.815) | 5.802 | 0.000 | − 0.005 (− 0.141, 0.131) | 5.901 | 0.000 |