Cushing’s syndrome (CS), or chronic hypercortisolism, is associated with increased mortality mostly due to cardiovascular disease [ 1 , 2 ], with infectious diseases and coexisting comorbidities also playing a role [ 1 – 9 ]. Older age at …

Up to 15% of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients exhibit an aggressive disease, resulting in the development of distant metastases [ 1 ]. Approximately two-thirds of these patients do not respond to radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment which …

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities, including visceral obesity, high blood pressure, glucose intolerance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Individuals with MetS tend to be more susceptible to cardiovascular …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing global health concern characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action [ 1 ]. According to the 2021 Diabetes Fact Sheet in Korea, the overall prevalence of DM among …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently proposed to be renamed to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a major global public health concern, affecting approximately 25–30% of the adult population and …

The diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has become more frequent during the last decades due to the widespread availability of neck imaging techniques, routine use of ultrasound (US)-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA), and …

The incidence of thyroid carcinoma has increased rapidly in recent years. Differentiated thyroid cancer, especially papillary carcinoma, has a favorable prognosis with low mortality rates as most tumors belong to the low-risk group [ 1 ]. However …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic disease associated with life-threatening complications, disabilities, and substantial financial burdens, concurrently reducing life expectancy [ 1 ]. This disorder, marked by insulin resistance …

Craniopharyngioma (CP) is a rare solid epithelial tumor localized in the sellar and/or suprasellar region [ 1 ]. Ninety-four per cent of the tumors had an extrasellar component and 23% of them were associated with hydrocephalus [ 2 ]. Therefore …

In 2012, based on whole-exome sequencing, the Illumina-Golden Gate assay, and linkage analysis techniques, Bonnefond et al. [ 1 ] reported that the KCNJ11 gene was identified and reported as a new MODY-causing gene isoform for the first time. Since …

In light of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes, which are particularly prevalent in developed countries and many emerging regions, insulin resistance has garnered increasing attention as a pivotal etiological factor. Insulin resistance …

Invasion of the cavernous sinus by pituitary adenomas impedes complete surgical resection, compromises biochemical remission, and increases the risk of further tumor recurrence. Accurate preoperative MRI-based diagnosis or intraoperative direct …

Diabetes has become a major health problem worldwide with mortality risk increasing sharply in recent decades [ 1 ]. A sensible diet has become the cornerstone of the management of diabetes patients in combination with pharmacologic therapy.

Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is an autoimmune disease of the retro-orbital tissues that is closely related to Graves’ disease, which is the most common orbital disease in adults. It ranks first in the incidence of …

Osteoporosis is a common generalized skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture [ 1 ]. The annual incidence of fractures caused by osteoporosis exceeds 1.5 million in the …

Cardiovascular complication is the major cause of death in diabetic patients. For reduced cardiovascular risk, both the guidelines for prevention and management of diabetes and hypertension have recommended the blood pressure (BP) target for …

In recent decades, thyroid carcinoma (THCA) incidence has increased globally due to widespread imaging tests, ranking as the 9th most common cancer worldwide [ 1 – 4 ]. Despite most cases being well-differentiated and slow-progressing, recurrence …

Growth hormone (GH) secretion, synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland, is regulated by the coordinated action of GH GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and Somatostatin (SS) which respectively stimulates and inhibits its release [ 1 ]. GH secretion is …

Thyroid carcinoma accounts for 0.5% to 3% of malignant neoplasms in childhood and adolescence [ 1 ]. However, its incidence is increasing, making it the most common cancer of the endocrine system in children and young adults [ 2 ], predominantly in …

Thyroid nodules are frequent in the general population, especially in women older than 50 years [ 1 – 3 ]. They are usually benign and asymptomatic, and patients with benign thyroid nodules can be followed up by ultrasound without the need for …