Background
Methods and materials
Reporting
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Searching strategy and information sources
Study selection
Risk of bias in individual studies
Data collection process
Outcome measurement
Data analysis
Results
Study characteristics
Author/year | Country | Study design | Sample size | Quality status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abaraya et al. 2016 [57] | Ethiopia | Unmatched case control | 656 | Low risk |
Abrams et al.2004 [72] | Malawi | Cross sectional | 572 | Low risk |
Adam et al.2010 [74] | Sudan | Cross sectional | 1200 | Low risk |
Adane et al. 2014 [60] | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | 481 | Low risk |
Aidoo et al.2001 [67] | Kenya | Retrospective cohort | 1077 | Low risk |
Alhaj et al.2010 [10] | Sudan | Case control | 293 | Low risk |
Alson et al.2010 [85] | Madagascar | Cohort | 206 | Low risk |
Arnaldo et al. 2018 [82] | Mozambique | Cross sectional | 1038 | Low risk |
Ayebare E et al. 2018 [7] | Uganda | Case control | 296 | Low risk |
Ayisi et al.2003 [66] | Kenya | Cohort | 5168 | Low risk |
Berhanie et al. 2019 [53] | Ethiopia | Unmatched case control | 954 | Low risk |
Chagomerana et al.2017 [68] | Malawi | Retrospective cohort | 3074 | Low risk |
Chico et al.2017 [75] | Zambia | Prospective cohort | 1086 | Low risk |
Cole et al.2001 [50] | Tanzania | Prospective cohort | 1078 | Low risk |
Deborah Watson-Jones et al.2007 [48] | Tanzania | Prospective cohort | 1688 | Low risk |
Deressa, et al. 2018 [56] | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | 384 | Low risk |
Feresu et al.2004 [79] | Zimbabwe | Case control | 3103 | Low risk |
Feresu et al.2004 [80] | Zimbabwe | Retrospective cohort | 17,174 | Low risk |
Gebreslasie K 2016 [62] | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | 540 | Low risk |
Tanzania | Cross sectional | 1117 | Low risk | |
Habib et al.2008 [47] | Tanzania: | Cohort | 16,762 | Low risk |
Kalanda et al.2006 [71] | Malawi | Cross sectional | 4104 | Low risk |
Karki S 2016 [5] | Kenya | Cross sectional | 691 | Low risk |
Kebede et al.2013 [61] | Ethiopia | Retrospective cohort | 416 | Low risk |
Kumwenda et al.2017 [76] | Zambia | Comparative cross sectional | 200 | Low risk |
Laelago et al.2017 [58] | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | 195 | Low risk |
Lepory et al.1998 [84] | Rwanda | Prospective cohort | 1233 | Low risk |
Li et al.2016 [41] | Tanzania | Prospective cohort | 3314 | Low risk |
Mace et al.2015 [77] | Zambia | Retrospective cohort | 435 | Low risk |
Mahand et al.2013 [46] | Tanzania | Cohort | 3359 | Low risk |
Mahande et al.2016 [39] | Tanzania | Retrospective cohort | 17,030 | Low risk |
Mahande et al.2016 [39] | Tanzania | Retrospective cross sectional | 30,797 | Low risk |
Mahande, et al. 2017 [37] | Tanzania | Matched case control | 100 | Low risk |
Mahapula et al. 2016 [38] | Tanzania | Case control | 754 | Low risk |
McDonald CR, et al.2015 [43] | Tanzanian | Cohort | 1054 | Low risk |
Mekonen et al.2019 [52] | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | 575 | Low risk |
Menendez et al.2000 [51] | Tanzania. | Cross sectional | 1225 | Low risk |
Mochache KM/2016 [65] | Kenya | Prospective cohort | 292 | Low risk |
Mosha et al.2015 [36] | Tanzania. | Cohort study | 2167 | Low risk |
Mosha et al.2016 [36] | Tanzania | Prospective cohort | 7634 | Low risk |
Mpogoro et al.2014 [44] | Tanzania | Cross sectional | 431 | Low risk |
Muti et al.2015 [78] | Zimbabwe | Cross sectional | 287 | Low risk |
Muti et al.2015 [78] | Zimbabwe | Cross sectional | 287 | Low risk |
Ndeserua [42] et al.2015 | Tanzania | Cross sectional | 350 | Low risk |
Okube et al. 2017 [64] | Kenya | Cross sectional | 184 | Low risk |
Osman et al.2001 [83] | Mozambique | Prospective cohort | 908 | Low risk |
Rempis’ et al. 2017 | Uganda | Cross-sectional | 412 | Low risk |
Sharif et al2017 [73] | Sudan | Case control | 112 | Low risk |
Sigalla et al. 2017 [35] | Tanzania | Prospective cohort | 1133 | Low risk |
Stephen et al.2018 [33] | Tanzania | Cohort | 529 | Low risk |
Sullivan et al.1999 [6] | Malawi | Cross sectional | 178 | Low risk |
Taha et al.2012 [4] | Malawi | Cross sectional | 8874 | Low risk |
Teklay et al.2018 [55] | Ethiopia | Un-matched retrospective case–control | 264 | Low risk |
Turner et al.2013 [70] | Malawi | Cohort | 809 | Low risk |
Van den Broek et al.2014 [69] | Malawi | Cross sectional | 2149 | Low risk |
Wagura et al. 2018 [54] | Kenya | Cross sectional | 322 | Low risk |
Watson-Jones et al.2002 [49] | Tanzania | Retrospective cohort | 380 | Low risk |
Zerfu et al.2016 [59] | Ethiopia | prospective cohort | 432 | Low risk |