1 Introduction
2 Obesity and cancer: overview of a complex relationship
3 Obesity management in cancer
4 Health benefits of time-restricted eating
Study Design | Duration | TRE Intervention | Participants | Age | Outcome | Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized control | 12 weeks | TRE: 10 h, 8 am-6 pm | n = 60, diabetic | 18–70 yr | ↓ Body weight, HbA1c ↑ Insulin sensitivity | [148] |
Randomized control | 8 weeks | TRE: 10 h, | n = 60, obese | 18–65 yr | ↓ Body weight, Fasting glucose, | [149] |
Randomized control | 12 weeks | TRE: 8 h | n = 20 (17 females, 3 males), overweight | 33–58 yr | ↓ Body weight, lean mass, and visceral fat mass | [22] |
Longitudinal | 12 weeks | TRE: 8 h (10 am–6 pm) | n = 14, overweight | 25–65 yr | ↓ Body weight, fat mass, systolic blood pressure ↔ Gut microbiome | [150] |
Cross-over | 5 days | TRE: 8 h (10 am–6 pm) Extended eating: 15 h (7 am–10 pm) | n = 11 males, overweight | 32–43 yr | ↓ Night-time glucose, glucose and insulin iAUC after lunch ↔ Daytime glucose ↑ TG after lunch | [140] |
Longitudinal | 12 weeks | TRE: 10 h (self-selected, dinner before 8 pm): Baseline: ≥ 14 h | n = 19 (6 females, 13 males), overweight | 48–70 yr | ↓ Body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol ↔ Fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, fasting insulin | [130] |
Longitudinal | 4 weeks | TRE: 8 h | n = 10 (6 females, 4 males), overweight, | ≥ 65 yr | ↓ Body weight ↑ Quality of life | [151] |
Longitudinal | 13 weeks | TRE: 8–9 h | n = 40 (31 females, 9 males), with abdominal obesity | 36–62 yr | ↓ Waist circumference, HbA1c | [152] |
Randomized control | 8 weeks | TRE: 8 h (12 pm–8 pm) TRE plus β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate | n = 40 females, resistance trained normal weight | 18–30 yr | ↓ Fat mass ↑ Muscle performance | [153] |
Cross-over | 4 days | TRE: 6 h (8 am–2 pm) | n = 11 (4 females and 7 males), overweight | 25–39 yr | ↓ Mean 24-h glucose, glycemic excursions, morning ghrelin, desire to eat ↑ metabolic flexibility, fullness, plasma ketones, fat oxidation | |
Cross-over | 1 week | Early TRE: 9 h (8 am–5 pm) delayed TRE: 9 h (12 pm–9 pm) | n = 15 males, overweight | 52–58 yr | ↓ Body weight, fasting TG, and hunger ↓ Mean fasting glucose by CGM in eTRE ↑ Glucose tolerance | [21] |
Cross-over | 5 weeks | TRE: 6 h (8 am–2 pm, dinner before 3 pm) | n = 8 males, overweight | 47–65 yr | ↓ Fasting TG, desire to eat in the evening ↑ Insulin sensitivity, β cell responsiveness ↔ Body weight | [20] |
Historical control | 12 weeks | TRE: 8 h (10 am–6 pm) | n = 23 (20 females, 3 males), obese | 25–65 yr | ↓ Body weight and blood pressure ↔ Fat mass, fasting glucose, LDL cholesterol, TG | [155] |
Randomized control | 8 weeks | TRE: 4 h (anytime 4 pm to midnight) for 4 days a week | n = 18 resistance trained males normal weight | 18–27 yr | ↔ Body weight, fat mass | [156] |
Randomized control | 8 weeks | TRE: 8 h (1 pm–8 pm) | n = 34 males, normal weight | 25–33 yr | ↓ Fat mass, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total testosterone, IGF-1, inflammation | |
Longitudinal | 16 weeks | TRE: 10–11 h (self-selected) | n = 8 (3 females, 5 males), overweight | > 18 yr | ↓ Body weight Improved sleeping | [159] |
Cross-over | 7 days | eTRE 70% calories before 5 pm vs TRE 8 h window vs ADF | n = 32 (25 females, 8 males), obese | mean age 45.7 yr | No difference in weight loss between diets. TRE easiest to follow | [160] |
Longitudinal | 12 weeks | eTRE + 35%CR 10 h (self-selected) vs 35% CR alone | n = 81 (69 females, 12 males | mean age 38 yr | No difference in weight loss | [161] |
Longitudinal | 12-weeks | TRE 8 h (self-selected) + CGM vs Control group 12 h | n = 50 (14 males, 36 females), obese | 14–18 yr | No difference in weight loss | [162] |
Longitudinal | 5-weeks | eTRE 8 h (6am-3 pm) vs mTRE 8 h (11am-8 pm) vs Control | n = 82 (64 females, 18 males), normal weight | mean age 31 | Weight loss and improved HOMA-IR in eTRE group | [163] |
Longitudinal | 10-weeks | TRE 10 h (8am-6 pm) | n = 15 (males), overweight | 40–70 yr | ↓ Body weight Improved GTT, ↓ Fasting glucose, HbA1c | [164] |
Longitudinal | 8-weeks | TRE 8 h (10am-6 pm or 12 pm-8 pm) vs Control | n = 30 (females), normal weight | 40–65 yr | ↓ Body weight ↓ Diastolic BP | [165] |
Cross-over | 3-days | early dinner (6 pm) vs late dinner (9 pm) | n = 12 (2 males, 10 females) | > 20 yr | ↓ Mean 24 h glucose ↓ RQ after breakfast | [166] |
Cross-over | 4-weeks | TRE 8 h (1 pm-9 pm) | n = 12 (males), healthy | mean age 22 yr | ↑ Exercise performance ↑ Fat-free mass | [167] |
Longitudinal | 3-months | TRE 10 h (10am-7 pm) | n = 50 (41 females, 9 males), overweight | 30–75 yr | ↓ Body weight ↓ Systolic BP | [168] |
Longitudinal | 8-weeks | TRE 8 h (12 pm-8 pm) + Exercise vs Exercise alone | n = 21 (18 females, 3 males), overweight | 35–60 yr | ↓ Body weight ↓ Fat mass | [169] |
Longitudinal | 12-weeks | TRE 8 h | n = 20 (17 females, 3 males), overweight | mean 45 yr | ↑ Quality of life | [170] |
Longitudinal | 6-weeks | TRE 8 h (8am-4 pm) | n = 18 women with PCOS | 18–31 yr | ↓ Body weight ↓ Fat mass ↓ Fasting insulin ↓ HOMA-IR | [171] |
Longitudinal | 12-weeks | TRE 8 h | n = 20 (17 females, 3 males), overweight and obese | 18–65 yr | ↑ Bone mineral content | [172] |
Longitudinal | 6-months | TRE 12 h (self-selected) vs standard dietary advice | n = 213 (152 females, 61 males), normal to overweight | > 18 yr | ↓ Body weight in TRE group | [173] |
Longitudinal | 10-weeks | TRE 4 h (3-7 pm) vs TRE 6 h (1-7 pm) vs Control | n = 58 (53 females, 5 males), obese | > 18 yr | ↓ Body weight and insulin resistance in TRE groups, no diff 4 h vs 6 h | [174] |
Longitudinal | 12-weeks | TRE 8 h (self-selected) | n = 51 (37 females, 14 males), obese | > 18 yr | ↓ Body weight in TRE group | [175] |
5 Time-restricted eating and cancer
6 What are the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of time-restricted eating?
7 Time-restricted eating safety
8 Time-restricted eating feasibility and adherence
9 Conclusion and future directions
Study | ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | Status | Disease condition, n | Time frame | Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time-restricted Eating in Cancer Survivorship: A Single-arm Feasibility Pilot Study | NCT04243512 | Active, not recruiting | Cancer survivor, n = 40 | 10 h TRE, 14 days | The investigators will assess the feasibility of delivering a time-restricted eating (TRE) intervention among cancer survivors with fatigue |
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) Among Endometrial Cancer Patients (TREND) | NCT04783467 | Recruiting | Endometrial cancer patients, n = 15 | 8–10 h TRE, 16 weeks | The long-term goal of this study is to determine the efficacy of Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) for improving metabolic health, preventing cardiometabolic comorbidities, and improving prognosis after endometrial cancer diagnosis. The study will also evaluate the feasibility, fidelity and preliminary acceptability of TRE among endometrial cancer patients |
Time-Restricted Eating and Cancer: Clinical Outcomes, Mechanisms, and Moderators | NCT04722341 | Recruiting | Colorectal cancer, n = 300 | 8 h TRE starting 1–3 h after waking up, 6 months | The purpose of this study is to test whether the timing of meals can improve treatment adverse events, influence tumor biology and alter a person’s mood and behaviors |
Time-Restricted Eating During Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer | NCT05259410 | Recruiting | Breast Cancer, n = 40 | 8 h TRE staring 10am-6 pm, 12 weeks | The study will demonstrate that time-restricted eating, a form of intermittent fasting, will improve treatment related outcomes, patient related outcomes, and limit treatment related weight gain and fat mass accretion |
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) Among Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Women at Risk for Endometrial Cancer (TIMESPAN) | NCT04763902 | Recruiting | Endometrial Neoplasms n = 30 | 8–10 h TRE, 14 weeks | The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the feasibility, fidelity and preliminary acceptability of a TRE intervention among Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander women at risk for developing endometrial cancer and to provide proof of principle that TRE can improve metabolic health in this population |
Time-restricted Eating Versus Daily Continuous Calorie Restriction on Body Weight and Colorectal Cancer Risk Markers | NCT05114798 | Not yet recruiting | Colorectal Cancer n = 255 | 8 h TRE starting from 11am – 7 pm, 1 month | This research will demonstrate that time-restricted eating, a type of intermittent fasting, is an effective therapy to help obese individuals reduce and control their body weight and prevent the development of colorectal cancer |
Time-Restricted Eating to Address Persistent Cancer-Related Fatigue | NCT05256888 | Not yet recruiting | Cancer Survivor, n = 30 | 10 h TRE, 12 weeks | This study will assess the feasibility of delivering a 12-week time-restricted eating intervention as well as the intervention’s preliminary efficacy on persistent cancer related fatigue among cancer survivors |
Metformin and Nightly Fasting in Women With Early Breast Cancer | NCT05023967 | Not yet recruiting | Breast Cancer, n = 120 | 8 h TRE, 4–6 weeks (until surgery) | This study will explore the combined effect of prolonged nightly fasting and metformin hydrochloride extended release in decreasing breast tumor cell proliferation and other biomarkers of breast cancer |
Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on AGE-RAGE Signaling | NCT05038137 | Not yet recruiting | Pre Diabetes Breast Cancer, n = 48 | 8 h TRE, 3½ months | This study will explore the TRE on metabolic changes in women at high risk of breast cancer |
Impact of Metabolic Health Patterns And Breast Cancer Over Time in Women | NCT05432856 | Recruiting | Breast Cancer, n = 65 | 8 h TRE, 24-weeks | This study will examine changes in fat volume, liver fat, metabolic syndrome score, Framingham risk score, peak VO2, insulin resistance, changes in hormonal markers and cytokines |
Intermittent Fasting Accompanying Chemotherapy in Gynecological Cancers | NCT03162289 | Recruiting | Breast or Ovarian Cancer, n = 150 | 10 h TRE with 60–72 h modified fast during chemotherapy | Primary outcome will be FACT-G score, with complete remission or Millar Payne classification as secondary outcomes |
Proof-of-Concept of Time-Restricted Eating as a Novel Lifestyle Intervention for Breast Cancer Prevention | NCT05454943 | Recruiting | Women over 50 with metabolic dysfunction, n = 178 | 8 h TRE standard or personalized, with peer or external support | This study will assess adherence and HbA1c, with HOMA-IR, glucose control, body weight, metabolic syndrome score as secondary outcomes |
Effect of Prolonged Nightly Fasting on Immunotherapy Outcomes in HNSCC—Role of Gut Microbiome | NCT05083416 | Recruiting | Adults with newly diagnosed recurrent/metastatic HNSCC, n = 52 | 8–10 h TRE, 3-months | Primary outcome will be adherence, with changes in gut microbiome as secondary outcome |
Intermittent Fasting and CLL/SLL | NCT04626843 | Active, not recruiting | Adults with CLL or SLL, n = 15 | 8 h TRE, 3-months | This study will assess change in lymphocyte count, quality of, life, inflammation, metabolic profile, autophagy and immune cell gene expression |
Metabolic Therapy Program In Conjunction With Standard Treatment For Glioblastoma Multiforme | NCT04730869 | Recruiting | Newly diagnosed GBM, n = 22 | 2 × 1 h eating intervals with ketogenic diet between 2 5-day fasts during chemotherapy | Primary outcome will be glucose-to-ketone ratio, with changes in weight, quality of life, activity, adverse events, progression-free and overall survival as secondary outcomes |