Introduction
Method
Participants
Exposure
University program category | Included programs and normal course duration |
---|---|
Theology/Humanities | 3 years: Theology, ancient cultures, linguistics, Arabic, archeology, Aramaic/Syrian, archival science, Bulgarian, library and information science, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Danish, dance and theater science, English, Estonian, aesthetics, ethnology, Finnish, philosophy, multilingual subjects, French, film science, Greek, Hebrew, other historic-philosophic subjects, Hindi, history, history of ideas, Indonesian, Indology and Sanskrit, Italian, Japanese, communication and informatics, Journalism, Chinese, Korean, Kurdish, conservation, art history, culture science, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, literary science, media and communication science, media production, music science, Dutch, Greek, Polish, Persian, Portuguese, rhetoric, Romanian, Religion, Russian, Spanish, other languages, Swedish as a second language, Swedish/Nordic languages, Swahili, Tamil, Sign language, Thai, Tibetan, Czech, theology, translation and interpretation, German, Hungarian |
Law/Social sciences | 3 years: Administration and management, behavioral science, economic history, economy/administration, business economics, Peace and conflict studies, science of the disabled, informatics, criminology, culture and societal geography, studies of countries, leadership and organization skills, domestic science, human rights, political economy, science of education, social sciences, sociology, social anthropology, social welfare work, statistics, political science, student counselling, tourism, general science of education/didactics/theoretical/practical aesthetical subjects 4.5 years: Law and jurisprudence 5 years: Psychology program |
Education | 3 years: Student counselor program At least 3.5 years: Teacher education programs (pre-school, primary school, high school) |
Natural sciences | 3 years: Bachelor program in pharmacy, biology, biotechnology, pharmacy science, pharmacology, fishing and water supply, physics, earth science and natural geography, pet science, chemistry, grocery science, agriculture, mathematics, medical biology, mathematical statistics, environmental science, miscellaneous within the natural sciences, nutrition, forestry, garden science |
Technology | 3 years: Applied technology program, mate degree program, nautical science, mechanical engineer program, sea captain program, college engineer program, fire engineer program, architectural program, architecture, automation technology, rock and mineral technology, science of construction, computer technology, electronics, energy technology, electrotechnology, physical planning, vessel technology, geographical information technology and cadastral survey, industrial economy/organization, chemical technology, landscape architecture, science of materials, machine technology, space science, technology of societal construction, miscellaneous subjects within technology, engineering physics, tree physics and tree technology, textile technology, water and water supply construction |
Agriculture/Forestry | 3 years: Gardening engineer program, forest technician program, forester program, landscape engineer program, horticulturist program, hippologist program, animal paramedic degree program, agronomist degree program |
Medicine/Dentistry | At least 3 years: Study program in medicine (5.5 years), study program in dentistry, optician program, veterinary school, Biomedical lab science, animal nursing, medicine, miscellaneous in medicine, medical technology, dentistry techniques and oral health |
Nursing/Health care | 3 years: Dental hygienist program, dental technician program, social care program, nursing school, physiotherapist program, medical physics program, radiographer program, prosthetist program, speech therapist program, dietician program, biomedical scientist program, midwife program, audiologist program, occupational therapist program, physiotherapist program, public health science, the development of health care, nursing/science of nursing, miscellaneous in nursing, therapy, rehabilitation and dietary treatment |
Arts studies | 3 years: Organist program, stage, setting and media, music, arts and design, dance program, circus, dance and design, authorship (composition), free arts, film, handicraft, choreography, musical drama and staging and figuration, music, direction, stage and media, theater, film, and dance |
Miscellaneous | 3 years: Polytechnic degree program, officer program, general bachelor program, human work science and ergonomics, children and youth studies, health care, gender studies, physical education, science of war, shipping/navigation, miscellaneous in the field of transportation, technology from a societal perspective, miscellaneous multidisciplinary studies, exchange studies |
Subgroup programs | |
Medical students | 5.5 years (6 years since 2021): Study program in medicine. After the university program, which includes clinical training, there is a mandatory 18 months internship to become a licensed physician |
Nursing students | 3 years: Study program in nursing. After three years a Degree of Bachelor is attained, and the student can immediately get a nursing license |
Outcomes
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive characteristics
University program category | Group | N | Mean age (SD)a | Hospitalization prior to university | Outcome within three years | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental disorders n (%) | Self-harm n (%) | Suicide n | Self-harm n (%) | ||||
Education | Total | 135,638 | 23.6 (5.2) | 3,614 (2.7) | 1,217 (0.9) | 21 | 363 (0.3) |
Women | 103,174 (76.1) | 23.7 (5.3) | 2,833 (2.7) | 1,069 (1.0) | 9 | 312 (0.3) | |
Men | 32,464 (23.9) | 23.4 (4.6) | 781 (2.4) | 148 (0.5) | 12 | 51 (0.2) | |
Theology/Humanities | Total | 20,635 | 21.7 (3.4) | 752 (3.6) | 224 (1.1) | 7 | 67 (0.3) |
Women | 12,197 (59.1) | 21.6 (3.4) | 479 (3.9) | 174 (1.4) | < 5 | 53 (0.4) | |
Men | 8,438 (40.9) | 21.9 (3.4) | 273 (3.2) | 50 (0.6) | < 5 | 14 (0.2) | |
Law/Social sciences | Total | 110,866 | 22.2 (4.2) | 3,749 (3.4) | 1,210 (1.1) | 18 | 298 (0.3) |
Women | 69,545 (62.7) | 22.4 (4.2) | 2,580 (3.7) | 991 (1.4) | 6 | 214 0.3) | |
Men | 41,321 (37.3) | 22.0 (3.7) | 1,169 (2.8) | 219 (0.5) | 12 | 84 (0.2) | |
Natural sciences | Total | 17,649 | 21.9 (4.0) | 427 (2.4) | 128 (0.7) | < 5 | 45 (0.3) |
Women | 10,799 (61.2) | 22.1 (4.2) | 254 (2.4) | 89 (0.8) | < 5 | 32 (0.3) | |
Men | 6,850 (38.8) | 21.6 (3.6) | 173 (2.5) | 39 (0.6) | < 5 | 13 (0.2) | |
Technology | Total | 204,592 | 21.6 (3.8) | 3,191 (1.6) | 724 (0.4) | 68 | 247 (0.1) |
Women | 49,655 (24.3) | 21.5 (3.9) | 886 (1.8) | 290 (0.6) | < 5 | 93 (0.2) | |
Men | 154,937 (75.3) | 21.6 (3.7) | 2,305 (1.5) | 434 (0.3) | > 63 | 154 (0.0) | |
Agriculture/Forestry | Total | 7,425 | 22.7 (3.8) | 119 (1.6) | 35 (0.5) | < 5 | 7 (0.1) |
Women | 4,082 (55.0) | 22.2 (3.9) | 38 (0.9) | 27 (0.7) | < 5 | 6 (0.1) | |
Men | 3,343 (45.0) | 23.2 (3.7) | 81 (2.4) | 8 (0.2) | < 5 | 1 (0.0) | |
Medicine/Dentistry | Total | 14,951 | 21.6 (3.4) | 308 (2.1) | 110 (0.7) | 5 | 27 (0.2) |
Women | 9,199 (61.5) | 21.4 (3.2) | 221 (2.4) | 85 (0.9) | < 5 | 19 (0.2) | |
Men | 5,752 (38.5) | 22.0 (3.7) | 87 (1.5) | 25 0.4) | < 5 | 8 (0.1) | |
Nursing/Health care | Total | 93,417 | 24.6 (5.5) | 3,318 (3.6) | 1,308 (1.4) | 22 | 331 (0.4) |
Women | 79,885 (85.5) | 24.6 (5.6) | 2,921 (3.7) | 1,200 (1.5) | 17 | 295 (0.4) | |
Men | 13,532 (14.5) | 24.7 (5.0) | 397 (2.9) | 108 (0.8) | 5 | 36 (0.3) | |
Art studies | Total | 8,817 | 23.0 (3.5) | 244 (2.8) | 72 (0.8) | < 5 | 22 (0.3) |
Women | 4,538 (51.5) | 22.9 (3.3) | 140 (3.1) | 49 (1.0) | < 5 | 12 (0.3) | |
Men | 4,279 (48.5) | 23.1 (3.6) | 104 (2.4) | 23 (0.5) | < 5 | 10 (0.2) | |
Miscellaneous | Total | 7,228 | 22.0 (3.5) | 174 (2.4) | 56 (0.8) | 0 | 26 (0.4) |
Women | 3,643 (50.4) | 21.8 (3.6) | 87 (2.4) | 41 (1.1) | 0 | 17 (0.5) | |
Men | 3,585 (49.6) | 22.2 (3.5) | 87 (2.4) | 15 (0.4) | 0 | 9 (0.3) | |
Subgroup programs | |||||||
Medical students | Total | 8,984 | 21.4 (3.1) | 186 (2.1) | 75 (0.8) | < 5 | 17 (0.2) |
Men | 3,968 (44.2) | 21.8 (3.4) | 55 (1.4) | 19 (0.5) | < 5 | 7 (0.2) | |
Women | 5,016 (55.8) | 21.2 (2.9) | 131 (2.6) | 56 (1.1) | < 5 | 10 (0.2) | |
Nursing students | Total | 62,073 | 24.8 (5.6) | 2,399 (3.9) | 956 (1.5) | 15 | 264 (0.4) |
Men | 8,473 (13.7) | 25.0 (5.0) | 282 (3.3) | 79 (0.9) | < 5 | 29 (0.3) | |
Women | 53,600 (86.4) | 24.8 (5.7) | 2,117 (3.9) | 877 (1.6) | > 10 | 235 (0.4) | |
Total | All students | 621,218 (100) | 22.6 (4.6) | 15,896 (2.6) | 5,084 (0.8) | 149 | 1,433 (0.2) |
Women | 346,717 (55.8) | 23.1 (5.0) | 10,482 (3.0) | 4,015 (1.2) | 43 | 1,053 (0.3) | |
Men | 274,501 (49.2) | 22.1 (4.0) | 5,414 (2.0) | 1,069 (0.4) | 106 | 380 (0.1) |
Suicide after registration in different university programs
University program category | Group | Suicide | Self-harm | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI)a | Adjusted for prior vulnerability (95% CI)b | Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI)a | Adjusted for prior vulnerability (95% CI)b | ||
Education (reference) | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Theology/Humanities | Total | 2.2 (0.9, 5.2) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.5) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.1) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) |
Women | 2.8 (0.8, 10.4) | 3.0 (0.8, 11.6) | 2.7 (0.7, 10.4) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | |
Men | 1.3 (0.4, 4.0) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.2) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.0) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | |
Law/Social sciences | Total | 1.0 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
Women | 1.0 (0.5, 2.8) | 1.0 (0.4, 3.0) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.7) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | |
Men | 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | |
Natural sciences | Total | 1.5 (0.5, 4.3) | 1.3 (0.4, 3.8) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.0 (08, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) |
Women | 4.2 (1.3, 13.8) | 4.5 (1.3, 14.9) | 4.7 (1.4, 15.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | |
Men | NA | NA | NA | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.8) | |
Technology | Total | 2.1 (1.3, 3.5) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.3 (0,8, 2.2) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) |
Women | 0.5 (0.1, 2.1) | 0.5 (0.1, 2.3) | 0.5 (0.1, 2.5) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | |
Men | 1.2 (0.6, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.3) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | |
Agriculture/Forestry | Total | 0.9 (0.1, 6.5) | 0.7 (0.1, 5.0) | 0.7 (0.1, 5.4) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) |
Women | NA | NA | NA | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | |
Men | 0.8 (0.1, 6.2) | 0.8 (0.1, 6.3) | 0.9 (0.1, 6.8) | 0.2 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.2 (0.0, 1.4) | 0.2 (0.0, 1.6) | |
Medicine/Dentistry | Total | 2.2 (0.8, 5.7) | 1.9 (0.7, 5.0) | 1.9 (0.7, 5.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
Women | 1.2 (0.2, 9.8) | 1.4 (0.2, 10.7) | 1.3 (0.2, 10.5) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | |
Men | 1.9 (0.6, 5.8) | 1.9 (0.6, 6.0) | 2.0 (0.6, 6.1) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.9) | |
Nursing/Health care | Total | 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.1) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) |
Women | 2.4 (1.1, 5.5) | 2.4 (1.1, 5.3) | 2.2 (1.0, 4.9) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | |
Men | 1.0 (0.4, 2.8) | 1.0 (0.3, 2.8) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.7) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.4) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.2) | |
Art studies | Total | 2.2 (0.7, 7.4) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.6) | 1.6 (0.5, 5.4) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) |
Women | 2.5 (0.3, 19.9) | 2.6 (0.3, 20.6) | 2.5 (0.3, 19.4) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | |
Men | 1.3 (0.3, 5.7) | 1.3 (0.3, 5.7) | 1.3 (0.3, 5.6) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.9) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) | 1.4 (0.7,2.7) | |
Subgroup programs | |||||||
Medical students | Total | 2.2 (0.6, 7.2) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.8) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.9) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) |
Women | NA | NA | NA | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | |
Men | 2.0 (0.6,7.3) | 2.1 (0.6,7.4) | 2.2 (0.6, 7.9) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) | |
Nursing students | Total | 1.6 (0.8, 3.0) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.1) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) |
Women | 2.6 (1.1, 6.1) | 2.4 (1.0, 5.8) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.2) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | 1.3 (1.1, 1,6) | |
Men | 1.0 (0.3, 3.4) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.3) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.2) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.4) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.2) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) |
Risk differences
University program category | Group | Suicide | Self− harm |
---|---|---|---|
Risk difference (1/10,000) (95% CI) | Risk difference (1/10,000) (95% CI) | ||
Education (reference) | Ref. | Ref. | |
Theology/Humanities | Women | 1.6 (− 1.3, 4.4) | 13.2 (1.1, 2.5) |
Men | 1.0 (− 4.1, 6.1) | 0.9 (− 8.9, 10.6) | |
Law/Social sciences | Women | 0.0 (− 0.9, 0.9) | 0.5 (− 4.8, 5.8) |
Men | − 0.8 (− 3.5, 1.9) | 4.6 (− 1.5, 10.1) | |
Natural sciences | Women | 2.8 (− 0.8, 6.5) | − 0.6 (− 11.4, 10.2) |
Men | NA | 3.3 (− 7.9, 14.4) | |
Technology | Women | − 0.5 (− 1.3, 0.3) | − 11.5 (− 16.6, − 6.4) |
Men | 0.6 (− 1.8, 0.3) | − 5.8 (− 10.4, − 1.2) | |
Agriculture/Forestry | Women | NA | − 15.5 (− 16.5, − 3.3) |
Men | 0.7 (− 6.9, 5.5) | − 12.7 (− 20.0, − 5.4) | |
Medicine/Dentistry | Women | 0.2 (− 2.0, 2.4) | − 9.6 (− 19.5, 0.2) |
Men | 3.3 (− 3.9, 10.4) | − 1.8 (− 12.4, 8.7) | |
Nursing/Health care | Women | 1.3 (0.0, 2.4) | 6.7 (1.3, 12.1) |
Men | 0.0 (− 3.9, 3.9) | 10.9 (1.2, 20.6) | |
Art studies | Women | 1.3 (− 3.0, 5.7) | − 3.8 (− 19.1, 11.5) |
Men | 0.1 (− 5.8, 7.8) | 7.7 (− 7.4, 22.8) | |
Subgroup programs | |||
Medical students | Women | NA | − 10.3 (− 23.0, 2.5) |
Men | 3.9 (− 5.0, 12.7) | 1.9 (− 11.8, 15.7) | |
Nursing students | Women | 1.4 (0.0, 2.8) | 13.6 (7.1, 20.1) |
Men | − 0.2 (− 4.7, 4.4) | 18.5 (5.4, 31.7) |