1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Eligibility Criteria
2.2 Primary and Secondary Outcomes
2.3 Literature Search
2.4 Screening of the Literature
2.5 Data Extraction
2.6 Quality Assessment
2.7 Synthesis of Results
2.8 Assessment of Heterogeneity
2.9 Publication Bias and Funnel Plots
3 Results
3.1 Literature Search
3.2 Characteristics of Included Studies
Study ID | Study design | Country | Time/duration | Sample size | Population | Study arms | Follow-up period | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | PCSK9i | Control | Intervention/dose | Comparator | ||||||
Ako, 2019 | Open-label RCT | Japan | From 15 November 2016 to 27 July 2018 | 206 | 104 | 102 | Japanese patients who at index ACS diagnosis either had LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dl despite stable statin therapy or were not on statins with LDL-C levels above target after statin initiation | Alirocumab [75 mg every 2 weeks (Q2 W)/up to 150 mg Q2 W] + statin therapy | “Atorvastatin ≥ 10 mg/day or rosuvastatin ≥ 5 mg/day” | 36 weeks |
Hao, 2022 | RCT | China | 2022 | 136 | 68 | 68 | Extremely high-risk ACS with LDL-C ≥ 3.0 mmol/l after PCI treatment | Evolocumab 140 mg every 2 weeks combined with atorvastatin 40 mg/day and ezetimibe 10 mg/day | Atorvastatin 40 mg/day and ezetimibe 10 mg/day | 13 weeks |
Koskinas, 2019 | RCT | Switzerland | From 23 January 2018 to 7 August 2019 | 308 | 155 | 153 | Patients hospitalized for ACS with elevated LDL-C levels ( ≥ 1.8 mmol/l on high-intensity statin for at least 4 weeks, ≥ 2.3 mmol/l on low- or moderate-intensity statin, or ≥ 3.2 mmol/l on no stable dose of statin) | Subcutaneous evolocumab 420 mg administered in-hospital and after 4 weeks, in addition to atorvastatin 40 mg | Matching placebo, administered in-hospital and after 4 weeks, in addition to atorvastatin 40 mg | 8 weeks |
Nakamura, 2020 | RCT | Japan | Between November 2017 and March 2018 | 36 | 17 | 19 | STEMI patients | Evolocumab 140 mg | Non-evolocumab treatment (not specified) | 20 days |
Nichollas, 2022 | RCT | USA, Australia, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Italy and Netherlands | From 19 November 2018 to 27 December 2019 | 161 | 80 | 81 | NSTEMI patients | Monthly evolocumab 420 mg + intensive statin therapy | Placebo + high-intensity statin therapy | 50 weeks |
Okada, 2022 | Open-labeled RCT | Japan | Between October 2017 and December 2019 | 102 | 52 | 50 | STEMI and NSTEMI patients who underwent primary PCI | Pitavastatin 2 mg/day and evolocumab 140 mg subcutaneously | Pitavastatin (2 mg/day) alone | 4 weeks |
Raber, 2022 | RCT | Switzerland, Austria, Denmark and the Netherlands | 9 May 2017, through 7 October 2020; final follow-up on 13 October 2021 | 300 | 148 | 152 | Patients ≥ 18 years old who underwent PCI for STEMI or NSTEMI | Subcutaneous alirocumab 150 mg biweekly + high-intensity statin therapy | Placebo + high-intensity statin therapy | 52 weeks |
Sabatine, 2015 | RCT | Europe, South Africa and the USA, conducted at 305 centers | October 2011 through June 2014 | 4465 | 2976 | 1489 | Post-ACS patients | Evolocumab plus standard statin therapy (evolocumab group) 2 regimens (420 mg once a month/140 mg biweekly) | Statin therapy | Median 11.1 months (11.0–12.8) |
Schwartz, 2018 | Open-label RCT | Multicentric at 1315 sites in 57 countries | From November 2012; the common trial end date was 11 November 2017 | 18,924 | 9462 | 9462 | Patients with levels of lipoproteins remained elevated despite statin therapy at a high-intensity dose, ≥ 40 years, hospitalized with ACS 1–12 months before randomization, LDL 70, HDL 100 or an Apo-B 80 (mg/dl) | Alirocumab SC (75 mg) | Placebo | Median 2.8 years (2.3–3.4) |
Trankle, 2021 | RCT | USA | February 2017 to July 2018 | 20 | 10 | 10 | Type 1 NSTEMI treatment with high-intensity statin (atorvastatin 40–80 mg/day or rosuvastatin 20–40 mg/day) before admission, LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dl at the last 12 months. | Alirocumab 150 mg SC + high-intensity statin | Placebo + high-intensity statin therapy | 2 weeks |
Vavuranakis, 2022 | RCT | USA | Study started on 20 May 2018 and was published on 17 January 2022 | 74 | 39 | 35 | STEMI or NSTEMI with troponin I > 5 ng/ml | Evolocumab/420mg | Placebo | 1 month |
Variable | Overall N = 24,732 | PCSK9i group N = 13,111 | Control group N = 11,621 |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 60.2 (2.59) | 60.6 (2.90) | 59.8 (2.32) |
Male sex, n (%) | 17435 (70.5) | 9085 (69.3) | 8350 (71.9) |
BMI, mean (SD) | 27.1 (2.21) | 26.8 (1.82) | 27.5 (2.60) |
LDL, mean (SD) | 126 (19.4) | 125 (20.8) | 126 (19.0) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 15304 (61.9) | 8117 (61.9) | 7187 (61.8) |
Type 2 DM, n (%) | 6325 (25.6) | 3218 (24.5) | 3107 (26.7) |
Smoking, n (%) | 5750 (23.2) | 3012 (22.9) | 2738 (23.6) |
Study ID | Ako, 2019 | Hao, 2022 | Koskinas, 2019 | Nakamura, 2020 | Nichollas, 2022 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arm | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 61.8 (10.2) | 60.5 (11.6) | 62.21 (12.31) | 62.22 (11.44) | 60.5(12.0 6) | 61.0 (10.7) | 64.2 (14.8) | 62.3 (10.7) | 60.9 (10) | 60.2 (9.2) |
Sex, n (%) | ||||||||||
Male | 74 (79.6) | 72 (80.9) | 45 (66.18) | 48 (70.59) | 128 (83) | 123 (80) | 14 (82) | 12 (63) | 60 (75.0) | 55 (67.9) |
Female | 19 (20.4) | 17 (19.1) | 23 (33.82) | 20 (29.41) | 27 (17) | 30 (20) | 3 (18) | 7 (27) | 20 (25) | 26 (32.1) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.2 (3.8) | 25.0 (3.6) | 26.28 (3.84) | 25.70 (3.16) | 26.9 (4.0) | 27.8 (3.9) | 24.0 (2.4 ) | 24.4 (3.5) | 28.2 (4.7) | 28(3.9) |
Index ACS, n (%) | ||||||||||
STEMI | 53 (57.0) | 49 (55.1) | 27 (39.71) | 28 (41.18) | 67 (43) | 46 (30) | – | – | – | – |
non-STEMI | 13 (14.0) | 15 (16.9) | 34 (50.00) | 31 (45.59) | 88 (57) | 107 (70) | – | – | 80 (100) | 81 (100) |
Unstable angina | 27 (29.0) | 25 (28.1) | 7 (10.29) | 9 (13.24) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Active smoking, n (%) | – | – | 33 (48.53) | 36 (52.94) | 64 (41) | 46 (30) | 11 (65) | 14 (74) | 47 (58.8) | 48 (59.3) |
HTN, n (%) | 64 (68.8) | 63 (70.8) | 48 (70.59) | 41 (60.29) | 79 (51) | 85 (56) | 12 (71) | 13 (68) | 45 (56.3) | 33 (40.7) |
DM, n (%) | 27 (29.0) | 31 (34.8) | 27 (39.71) | 23 (33.82) | 23 (15) | 24 (16) | 6 (35) | 6 (32) | 13 (16.3) | 14 (17.3) |
Crebrovascular events (stroke /TIA), n (%) | 5 (5.4) | 3 (3.4) | 4 (5.88) | 3 (4.41) | 7(4) | 0 (0) | – | – | – | – |
Family history of CAD, n (%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | – | – | – | – | 4 (3) | 4 (3) | – | – | – | – |
Previous MI, n (%) | – | – | – | – | 24 (15) | 19 (12) | 1 (6) | 2 (11) | 5 (6.3) | 9 (11.1) |
Previous CABG, n (%) | – | – | – | – | 5 (3) | 4 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | – | – |
Previous PCI, n (%) | – | – | – | – | 25 (16) | 23 (15) | 2 (12) | 2 (11) | 9 (11.3) | 12 (14.8) |
Statin therapy, n (%) | 34 (36.6) | 31 (34.8) | – | – | 31(20) | 36(23) | 2 (12) | 3 (16) | 75 (93.8) | 78 (96.3) |
β blockers, n (%) | – | – | 52 (76.47) | 49 (72.06) | – | – | 3 (18) | 4 (21) | 64 (80.0) | 72 (88.9) |
ACE inhibitors, n (%) | – | – | 57 (83.82) | 62 (91.18) | – | – | 5 (29) | 3 (16) | 59 (73.8) | 58 (71.6) |
Ezetimibe, n (%) | – | – | – | – | 6 (4) | 9 (6) | – | – | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.5) |
LDL-C (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 97.9 (23.2) | 95.7 (21.8) | 136.9 (22.43) | 136.12 (15.855) | 139.6 (38.67) | 132.25 (36.35) | 126.8 (33.6) | 135.4 (22.8) | 140.4 (34) | 142.1 (32.3) |
HDL-C (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 43.9 (10.0) | 46.1 (11.3) | 43.31 (11.988) | 43.7 (10.054) | 42.92 (11.214) | 44.08 (11.214) | 48.3 (13.8) | 46.8 (11.8) | 43.8 (10.4) | 140.4 (34) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 168.0 (28.3) | 170.5 (29.0) | 185.6 (51.82) | 191.4 (30.55) | 212.7 (42.92) | 205.34 (40.22) | 183.5 (43.0) | 197.8 (47.6) | 174.7 (37.3) | 175.2 (40.3) |
TGs (mg/dl), mean(SD) | 124.8 (52.7) | 128.3 (77.6) | 178.92 (164.75) | 152.35 (112.5) | 161.2 (109.83) | 146.15 (76.17) | 121.7 (151.0) | 131.8 (76.2) | 148.4 (75.5) | 158.9 (72.8) |
Non-HDL-C (mg/ dl) mean (SD) | 124.1 (25.3) | 124.4 (26.9) | – | – | 170.15 (43.7) | 161.25 (39.44) | – | – | 130.9 (36.6) | 133.4 (38.7) |
Lp (a) (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 23.7 (24.8) | 19.3 (18.8) | 21.17 (20.26) | 24.15 (18.77) | 73.93 (94.49) nmol/l | 63.16 (83.62) nmol/l | 18.7 (22.0) | 19.2 (16.5) | 38.46 (39.64) | 34.36 (35.71) |
Apo-A1 (mg/dl) mean (SD) | 24.1 (22.7) | 129.7 (25.51) | 120 (26) | 121 (23) | 133 (23) | 136 (24) | 27.5 (7.4) | 27.3 (6.8) | 135 (21) | 131 (22.4) |
Apo-B (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 90.9 (18.4) | 90.6 (18.5) | 103 (29) | 104 (20) | 117 (29) | 112 (29) | 89.4 (23.4) | 103.8 (26.5) | 91 (22.9) | 92.9 (21.9) |
Study ID | Okada, 2022 | Raber, 2022 | Sabatine, 2015 | Schwartz, 2018 | Trankle, 2021 | Vavuranaks, 2022 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arm | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control | PCSK9i | Control |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 66.4 (13.1) | 63.4 (14) | 58.4 (10) | 58.6 (9.4) | 57.8 (11) | 58.2 (10.9) | 58.5 (9.3) | 58.6 (9.4) | 59 (12.9) | 56.33 (14.6) | 56.9 (14.1) | 56.8 (11.5) |
Sex, n (%) | ||||||||||||
Male | 43 (82) | 47 (94) | 124 (83.8) | 119 (78.3) | 1490 (50.1) | 765 (51.4) | 7072 (74.7) | 7090 (74.9) | 6 (60) | 1 (10) | 29 (74) | 18 (51) |
Female | 9 (18) | 3 (6) | 24 (16.2) | 32 (21.1) | 1486 (49.9) | 724 (48.6) | 2390 (25.3) | 2372 (25.1) | 4 (40) | 9 (90) | 10 (26) | 17 (49) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.4 (4.4) | 25.2 (4.5) | 27.3 (4.1) | 28.2 (4.5) | – | – | 28.5 (4.9) | 28.5 (4.8) | 29.6 (10.84) | 33.31 (8.69) | 27.4 (7.0) | 28.5 (6.6) |
Index ACS, n (%) | ||||||||||||
STEMI | 48 (92) | 41 (82) | 78 (52.7) | 80 (52.6) | – | – | 3301 (34.9) | 3235 (34.2) | – | – | 6 (15) | 7 (20) |
non-STEMI | 4 (7.6) | 9 (18) | 70 (47.3) | 72 (47.4) | – | – | 4574 (48.3) | 4601 (48.6) | – | – | 33 (85) | 28 (80) |
Unstable angina | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1568 (16.6) | 1614 (17.1) | – | – | – | – |
Active smoking, n (%) | 25 (48) | 18 (36) | 77 (52.0) | 65 (42.8) | 465 (15.6) | 222 (14.9) | 2282 (24.1) | 2278 (24.1) | – | – | 8 (21) | 11 (31) |
HTN, n (%) | 31 (59) | 33 (66) | 60 (40.5) | 70 (46.1) | 1545 (51.9) | 777 (52.2) | 6205 (65.6) | 6044 (63.9) | – | – | – | 28 (80) |
DM, n (%) | 17 (32) | 14 (28) | 12 (8.1) | 19 (12.5) | 382 (12.8) | 217 (14.6) | 2693 (28.5) | 2751 (29.1) | – | – | 18 (46) | 8 (23) |
Crebrovascular events (stroke /TIA), n (%) | 0 | 3 (6) | – | – | 81 (2.7) | 37 (2.5) | 306 (3.2) | 305 (3.2) | – | – | 1 (3) | 4 (11) |
Family history of CAD, n (%) | – | – | 44 (29.7) | 54 (35.5) | 724 (24.3) | 362 (24.3) | 3408 (36.0) | 3365 (35.6) | – | – | – | – |
Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 1 (1.9) | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 4 (2.6) | 85 (2.9) | 50 (3.4) | 373 (3.9) | 386 (4.1) | – | – | 4 (10) | 4 (11) |
Previous MI, n (%) | 1 (1.9) | 5 (10) | 2 (1.4) | 5 (3.3) | 267 (9.3) | 141 (9.5) | 1790 (18.9) | 1843 (19.3) | – | – | 18 (46) | 9 (26) |
Previous CABG, n (%) | 0 | 0 | – | – | 185 (6.2) | 110 (7.4) | 521 (5.5) | 526 (5.6) | – | – | 8 (21) | 5 (14) |
Previous PCI, n (%) | 4 (7.6) | 10 (20) | 2 (1.4) | 5 (3.3) | 325 (10.9) | 170 (11.4) | 1626 (17.2) | 1615 (17.1) | – | – | 15 (39) | 6 (17) |
Statin therapy, n (%) | 14 (26) | 12 (24) | 17 (11.5) | 20 (13.2) | 2073 (69.7) | 1055 (70.9) | – | – | – | – | 24 (62) | 16 (46) |
β blockers, n (%) | – | – | 12 (8.1) | 17 (11.2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
ACE inhibitors, n (%) | – | – | 12 (8.1) | 12 (7.9) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Ezetimibe, n (%) | – | – | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 376 (12.6) | 229 (15.4) | – | – | – | – | 4 (10) | 7 (20) |
LDL-C (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 120.8 (30.6) | 124.7 (33.6) | 154.8 (30.9) | 150.9 (36.3) | 121.67 (37.8) | 123 (40.07) | – | – | – | – | 90.3(36.3) | 96.9 (39.7) |
HDL-C (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 44.7 (12.2) | 43.2 (9.2) | 41.3 (10.2) | 41.3 (10.1) | 51.67 (14.83) | 51.67 (14.84) | – | – | – | – | 49.5 (12.3) | 52.1 (17.2) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 187.9 (40.6) | 188.3 (38.5) | 206.8 (34.6) | 203.9 (35.2) | 203.67 (43.76) | 204.67 (45.26) | – | – | – | – | 159.8 (42.7) | 171.2 (43.8) |
TGs (mg/dl), mean(SD) | 104.8 (101) | 110.2 (83.9) | 107.4 (63.9) | 111 (84.3) | 124.67 (56.37) | 125 (57.88) | – | – | – | – | 102.33 (54.65) | 111 (68.8) |
Non-HDL-C (mg/ dl) mean (SD) | 143.1 (37.8) | 145.1 (36.7) | 165.7 (34.5) | 162.9 (35.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 110.3 (40.5) | 119.1 (43.6) |
Lp (a) (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 46.7 (18.3) | 43.8 (15.1) | 30.9 (42.7) | 34.5 (39.6) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 61.67 (81.58) | 97.33 (112.85) |
Apo-A1 (mg/dl) mean (SD) | 122 (25) | 121.4 (18.9) | 113.6 (19.6) | 114.3 (18.2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Apo-B (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 95.1 (22.9) | 97.2 (21.9) | 115.4 (21.9) | 113.6 (23.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 78.1 (21.8) | 84.5 (26.8) |