Main text
The term “PREPARE” designates an international project entitled “Prevention of invasive Group B Streptococcus disease in young infants: a pathway for the evaluation & licensure of an investigational maternal GBS vaccine”. PREPARE is aimed at developing a vaccine against neonatal GBS infections and is promoted by the St George University of London (UK) (see
https://gbsprepare.org).
This project is part of the EDCTP2 program (European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership) that funds research for prevention and treatment of poverty-related infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa and it is aligned with the WHO roadmap [
1]. Moreover, PREPARE is supported by Horizon 2020 (European Union’s Framework Program for Research and Innovation).
Strategies implementing IAP, especially those that screen women in late pregnancy for vagino-rectal GBS colonization (regardless of presenting risk factors) has led to a dramatic decline in the incidence rates of EOD (i.e., from 0.37 to 0.22 per 1000 live births from 2006 to 2017 in USA) [
4]. However, IAP coverage is incomplete even in the best of settings. Furthermore, the burden of invasive GBS disease may be high in resource poor countries such as Africa (estimated incidence of 1.12/1000 live births) where IAP implementation is challenging [
5]. Concerns have arisen as to the possible negative impact of large-scale prevention, as IAP may promote the emergence of antibiotic resistance, and early exposure to antibiotics can disrupt the development of the intestinal microbiome, with consequences in adulthood [
6]. Finally, IAP has no impact on LOD, stillbirths and prematurity due to GBS, as well as a limited impact on disease in pregnant women [
7]. Further strategies are urgently required to decrease GBS-associated morbidity and mortality.
There are ten known GBS serotypes (Ia, Ib and II-IX), but serotype Ia, III and V are more commonly responsible of invasive GBS disease in infants under 90 days of life. Multivalent vaccines administered to pregnant women to protect their infants against GBS disease could overcome many of the outstanding issues related to IAP and could be an effective strategy for resource-poor countries. Indeed, compared to WHO European region, in WHO African region mortality rates are 7 times higher (7/1000 vs 51/1000 LBs) [
8].
Therefore, the prevention of neonatal infections through maternal immunoprophylaxis is a topic that has recently aroused wide attention. The purpose of this strategy is to induce maternal protective immunity resulting in a specific transplacental IgG passage. Indeed, recent data have shown that vaccinating pregnant women does not increase adverse events or fetal risks [
9]. WHO data from developing countries show a 92% decline (from the 1980s to 2000) in neonatal tetanus case fatalities following maternal vaccination with tetanus toxoid [
10].
It is estimated that to detect a 75% reduction in EOD and LOD in countries with a disease incidence of more than 1/1000 births it would be necessary to enroll about 60,000 pregnant women to study the effectiveness of the vaccine, assuming that this protects from 90% of circulating serotypes [
11]. Therefore, in order to facilitate the licensure of a vaccine, the study of protective serocorrelates, followed by a demonstration of a post-license efficacy, aroused interest. Although previous studies have shown an association between serotype-specific maternal IgG titers and reduction of neonatal disease risk, no study has been able to establish with certainty a protective antibody threshold value, due to different assays for determining antibody titers or inability to compare and pool the results of different studies [
12]. Vaccines have been tested against serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide and against surface proteins that are expressed in different serotypes and could then protect against specific serotypes [
7,
12].
PREPARE is a non-profit, multi-center, interventional and experimental study. It aims to develop a maternal vaccine platform in Uganda, determine pregnancy outcomes and to define the extent of GBS infections in children and mothers in a sub-Saharan context. It also aims to estimate the protective serocorrelates against the main GBS serotypes that cause diseases in Europe and Africa and to conduct two trials on candidate GBS vaccines. The PREPARE project involves 7 countries across the world (Malawi, Uganda, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy and France) and aims to develop a serum biobank, in order to define serocorrelates of protection against GBS, by using standardized antibody assays and a bacterial strains bank to study the characteristics of neonatal and maternal strains.
The overarching objectives will be achieved through 6 work packages (WPs), each with specific aims (Table
1). Italy (that belongs to WP3) is represented by a network made up of 41 centers across the country (Table
2), coordinated by the Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico (Modena). The Italian network will collect at least 50 neonatal GBS invasive cases (defined as an infant with isolation of GBS from blood culture or from culture of cerebro-spinal fluid) within 2 years. Strains will be sent to the national referring center (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) for GBS typing.
Table 1
Work-Packages (WP) of the PREPARE Study: role, goals and participating countries
WP1 | Project Management, Scientific Coordination and Oversight of Capacity Building. | To ensure conduct of all research activities to the highest standards, including oversight and coordination of the other WPs to ensure deliverables and milestones are met. | United Kingdom South Africa |
WP2 | Clinical trial site development and GBS disease surveillance. | To establish the GBS disease incidence in an urban Ugandan cohort followed to 3 months of age and establish the baseline rates of common obstetric and neonatal outcomes in preparation for WP4 and WP5. | Uganda South Africa United Kingdom |
WP3 | Developing serocorrelates of protection against GBS | To develop a biobank of prospectively collected sera from cases of GBS disease and associated GBS disease isolates from a network of African and European sites in order to define serocorrelates of protection against GBS, using standardized antibody assays. | Uganda, Malawi, South Africa, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Netherlands |
WP4 | Multivalent CPS-conjugate vaccine trial. | To conduct a phase II study of a multivalent vaccine against the GBS CPS in pregnant HIV-infected and uninfected women and to establish a platform for future trials with new GBS vaccines. | United Kingdom Uganda |
WP5 | Minervax Alp-NN GBS vaccine trial. | To conduct a phase II study of a multivalent vaccine against the Alp and Rib proteins on the surface of GBS in pregnant HIV-infected and uninfected women and to establish a platform for future trials with new GBS vaccines. | Denmark United Kingdom South Africa |
WP6 | Communications, networking and dissemination. | To develop a strategy for patient and public involvement, communications, capacity strengthening and stakeholder engagement. | United Kingdom |
Table 2
Partner of the PREPARE Consortium
St George’s Hospital Medical School (SGUL) | United Kingdom | Coordinator | Secondary or higher education establishment |
Makerere University - Johns Hopkins University Care Ltd | Uganda | Participant | Research organisation |
University of Liverpool | United Kingdom | Participant | Secondary or higher education establishment |
Wits Health Consortium (PTY) LTD | South Africa | Participant | Secondary or higher education establishment |
Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (AP- HP) | France | Participant | Secondary or higher education establishment |
Academisch Medisch Centrum bij de Universiteit van Amsterdam | The Netherlands | Participant | Secondary or higher education establishment |
Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria di Modena | Italy | Participant | Secondary or higher education establishment |
University College London (UCL) | United Kingdom | Participant | Secondary or higher education establishment |
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) | United Kingdom | Participant | Secondary or higher education establishment |
Minervax ApS | Denmark | Participant | Small or medium sized entreprise |
Pfizer Inc. | United Kingdom | Participant | International Organisation |
The PREPARE Italian network will collect: i) isolates from infants with invasive disease (cases), together with maternal and neonatal sera collected at the time of diagnosis of infant disease; ii) cord sera and GBS strains (of the same serotype as cases) from colonized mothers whose infants do not develop GBS infection (controls). Biological materials will be used for i) determining the concentration of specific IgG anti-GBS (serotype III the most frequent cause of neonatal disease) in the cord serum of healthy controls and in the serum of infants (aged 0 to 90 days of life) with GBS infection ii) assessing a correlation between antibody concentration and GBS disease risk and iii) validating estimates of protective serocorrelates.
Acknowledgments
The Prepare Network:
Non -Italian Contributors
Dr. Merijn van Bijlsma- Academisch Medisch Centrum Bij De Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Prof. Diederik van De Beek- Academisch Medisch Centrum Bij De Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Prof. Claire Poyart- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux De Paris
Prof. Neil French- The University of Liverpool
Dr. Maryke Nielsen -The University of Liverpool
Prof. Philippa Musoke- Mu-Jhu Care Ltd
Dr Kirsty Le Doare – St George’s University of London
Prof. Paul Heath – St George’s University of London
Dr Hannah Davies- St George’s University of London
Italian Contributors
Dr. Sara Ovale- UO Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena
Dr. Licia Lugli- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena
Dr. Maria Grazia Capretti- UO Neonatologia, Ospedale Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna
Prof Marcello Lanari- UO Pediatria d’Urgenza, Ospedale Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna
Dr. Arianna Dondi- UO Pediatria d’Urgenza, Ospedale Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna
Dr. Matilde Ciccia- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna
Dr. Rosa Francavilla- UO di Pediatria, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna
Dr. Angela Lanzoni- UO Pediatria, Ospedale S Maria della Scaletta, Imola
Dr. Lorenza Baroni- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, IRCCS, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
Dr. Sara Fornaciari- UO di Pediatria, IRCCS, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
Dr. Edoardo Carretto- Laboratorio di Microbiologia, IRCCS, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
Dr. Cristina Alessandrini- UO Pediatria, Ospedale di Guastalla
Dr. Gambini Lucia- SC Neonatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria, Parma
Prof. Serafina Perrone- SC Neonatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria, Parma
Prof. Adriana Calderaro- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma
Dr. Pierluigi Bacchini- UO Pediatria dell’Ospedale di Vaio, Fidenza
Dr. Chiara Giugno UO Pediatria, Ospedale B. Ramazzini, Carpi
Dr. Claudio Rota- UO Pediatria, Ospedale Civile, Sassuolo
Dr. Rossella Pagano- UO Pediatria, Ospedale Civile, Sassuolo
Dr. Battista Guidi- UO Pediatria, Ospedale Pavullo nel Frignano, Pavullo nel Frignano
Dr. Giacomo Biasucci- UO di Pediatria e Neonatologia, Ospedale G da Saliceto, Piacenza
Dr. Belinda Benenati - UO Pediatria, Ospedale G da Saliceto, Piacenza
Dr. Roberta Schiavo- UO Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale G da Saliceto, Piacenza
Dr. Giancarlo Piccinini- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna
Dr. Rita Pulvirenti- UO Pediatria, Ospedale G.B. Morgagni- L. Pierantoni, Forlì
Dr. Vittoria Rizzo- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale e Pediatrica, Ospedale Civile M. Bufalini, Cesena
Dr. Gina Ancora- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale Infermi, Rimini
Dr. Chiara China- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale Infermi, Rimini
Dr. Irene Papa- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale Infermi, Rimini
Dr. Laura Viola- UO Pediatria, Ospedale Infermi, Rimini
Dr. Maria Federica Pedna- UO Microbiologia, Laboratorio Unico Ausl della Romagna, Pievesestina
Dr. Jenny Bua- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste
Dr. Laura Travan- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste
Dr. Marina Busetti- SC Microbiologia e virologia, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste
Dr. Daniele Santori- SC Pediatria e Neonatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone
Dr. Daniele Merazzi- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Pediatria e Neonatologia, Ospedale Valduce, Como
Dr. Angela Papa- UO Laboratorio Analisi, Ospedale Valduce, Como
Dr. Ligi Laura- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale e Neonatologia, Ospedale S. Filippo Neri, Roma
Dr. Cinzia Auriti- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma
Dr. Paola Bernaschi- UO Microbiologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma
Prof. Giovanni Vento- UO Neonatologia, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Roma
Dr. Lucia Giordano- UO Neonatologia, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Roma
Dr. Teresa Spanu- UO Microbiologia, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Roma
Dr. Cristina Haass- UO Pediatria e Neonatologia, Ospedale S. Pietro Fatebene Fratelli, Roma
Dr. Maria Carmela Margiotta- UO Microbiologia, Ospedale S. Pietro Fatebene Fratelli, Roma
Dr. Giovanna Nardella- UO Neonatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia
Dr. Rosella De Nittis- UO Microbiologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia
Prof. Nicola Laforgia- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale e Neonatologia, Ospedale Policlinico, Bari
Dr Sabrina Loprieno- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale e Neonatologia, Ospedale Policlinico, Bari
Dr. Latorre Giuseppe- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale Generale Regionale “F. Miulli”, Acquaviva delle Fonti
Dr. Angela Maria Moramarco- UO Microbiologia, Ospedale Generale Regionale “F. Miulli”, Acquaviva delle Fonti
Dr. Chryssoula Tzialla- UO Neonatologia, Patologia Neonatale e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico "San Matteo", Pavia
Dr. Valeria Fasolato- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Neonatologia e Nido, Ospedale Carlo Poma, Mantova
Dr. Silvia Orlandini- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Neonatologia e Nido, Ospedale Carlo Poma, Mantova
Dr. Lidia Decembrino - UO Pediatria e Nido, Ospedale Civile, Vigevano
Dr. Giulia Del Campo- UO Pediatria e Nido, Ospedale Civile, Vigevano
Dr. Angela Maiocchi- UO Microbiologia, Ospedale Civile, Vigevano
Dr. Armando Cuttano- UO Neonatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa
Dr. Cristina Tuoni- UO Neonatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa
Dr. Simona Barnini- UO Microbiologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa
Prof. Virgilio Carnielli- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale e Neonatologia, P.O. "G. Salesi" AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona
Dr. Barbara Perrone- UO Terapia Intensiva Neonatale e Neonatologia, P.O. "G. Salesi" AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona
Dr. Francesca Orecchioni- UO Microbiologia, P.O. "G. Salesi" AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona
Dr. Federica Visintini- SC Patologia Neonatale e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine
Dr. Alessandra Arzese- UO Microbiologia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine